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315 - anatomy > Lecture 2: Intro to the nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Intro to the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system (2)

A

A biological system that can
1) receive and process info (stimuli) from the enviroment (internal/external)
2) coodinarte and carry out approciate action to respond to those stimuli

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2
Q

in vertebrates ,waht are the 2 major components of the nerovous system

A

central and peripheral

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3
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what makes up the PNS

A

all nerves outside of the CNS

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5
Q

what are the 2 functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous ssystem (under our control)
visceeral (automonic)

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6
Q

what is thee stimuli for the somatic nervous system of PNS

A

largely external (ex: touch, vibration, external forcees due to gravity, responses from muscles )

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7
Q

true or false: in the somatic nervous system of the PNS the responses are voluntary

A

true (ex: motor contol of skeltal muscles)

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8
Q

what is the stimuli for the visceral (autonomic)

A

primarily internal (ex: body temp, jheart rate)

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9
Q

true or false: the responses for the autonomic nervous system are under our control

A

false, they are involuntary

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10
Q

what are the two divisions of the PNS

A

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent

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11
Q

afferent means

A

sensory

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12
Q

efferent means

A

motor

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13
Q

what comes from the imbound stimuli

A

visceral sensory info *heart rate, hunger etc(
somatic sensory (pressure, touch, bursea)

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14
Q

what system is responsible for processing and coordination

A

CNS

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15
Q

what is the outbiond action of the PNS

A

viscceral moptor (gland, secretion, vasodilation)
somatic motor (msucle contaction, joint movement)

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16
Q

what is the schematic for the nervous system in the somatic

A

somatic sensory inbound
CNS
somatic motor

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17
Q

what is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system (messengersr(

A

the neuron

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18
Q

how do nerous communication

A

chain like connections

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19
Q

info travelling along nervous is what direction

A

unidirectional

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20
Q

true or false: info travelling along neurons is bidirectional

A

unidiectiona l

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21
Q

what is the fucntion of the dendrite

A

receives info and generally short

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22
Q

what is the function of the cell body

A

process info

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23
Q

what is the function of the myelin of a neuron

A

insulation, increases speed of electrival impulses

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24
Q

what is the function of the axon

A

relays info in the form of electricity
can be very long

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25
Q

what is a synapse function

A

passes info onto other nervous of effect orfan chemically

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26
Q

what is the direction of impiulse along neuron

A

The dendrites receive incoming nerve impulses from other neurons.

This impulse travels from the dendrite to the cell body

and then at the end of the axon transmits the impulse to another neuron or receptor.

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of neuron types in the SOMATIC PNS

A

multipolar motor

pseudounipolar (sensory/afferetn)

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28
Q

what poriton of the stomatic PNS is the multipolar neuron part of

A

the motor efferent

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29
Q

what poriton of the stomatic PNS is the pseudo-unipolar neuron part of

A

sensory/afferent

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30
Q

what is the flow of info in multipolar neurons part of the motor soamtic PNS

A

dendrite
cell body
axon
target organ (effector (muscle) = PNS

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31
Q

what is the flow of info in pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory portio of the soamtic PNS

A

sensory receptors (eg in the skin, synovium)
through branches axon
to cell body (no dendrites)
CNS

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32
Q

true or false: pseudounipolar neurons have no dendrrites

A

true

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33
Q

what is a spinal nerve

A

bundle of sensory AND nmotor neurons that emerge fro mthe spnal cord (CNS) at regualr intervals to modulatee sensory and motor info from the PNS

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34
Q

why is the spianl nerve considered mixed

A

hs sensory and motor neurons
(as well as somatic and visceral)

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35
Q

true or false: in a spinal nerve the nerve is mixed but the flow of info is still unidirectional

A

true

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36
Q

where are internurons located

A

in the spinal cord

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37
Q

what are interneurons

A

Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS)

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38
Q

what is a nerve

A

bundle of sensory and motor axons (all parts in the periphery are mixed)

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39
Q

what is the posterior root ganglion

A

group of cell bodies for the sensory neurons

40
Q

what is the ventral horn

A

group of cell bodies for the motor neurons

41
Q

the ventral horn contains what type of neuron cells

A

contains motor neuron ceell bodies for that spinal nerve

42
Q

hat are the parts of a spinal cord (be able to identify)

A

.

43
Q

true or false: ventral portion is for sensory

A

ventral=motor
posterior=sensory

44
Q

what type of neurons does the psoterior root ganglion contrain

A

sensory neuron cell bodies for the spinal nerve

45
Q

what are the parts of the spinal nerve

A

rootlets
roots
spinal nerve
rami
posterior ramus
antierior ramus

(dorsal root ganglion)

46
Q

what are rootlets

A

axon bundlees from sensory neurons (posterior) and motor neurons (anterior), closest to the spinal cord

47
Q

what are roots C

A

convergence of the rootlets, psoterior root cotnacts celel bodies of sensory nervons

48
Q

the posterior root cotnacins cell bodiees of what types of neurons

A

sensory

49
Q

what is spinal nerve

A

convergence of the roots, emerges from the vertebral column

50
Q

what emeerges from the vertebral colium

A

spinal nerve

51
Q

what is rami

A

first split fo the spinal nerve

52
Q

what does the rami split into

A

posterior ramus and anteerior ramus

53
Q

what does the posterior ramus innervate

A

intrinsic back muscels and associated skin

54
Q

what does the anterior ramus innverate

A

everything but the intrinsic back muscles

55
Q

expla nthe passage of info through the spinal cord

A

somatic sensory nerve to the post ramus
spinal nervous
posterior root ganglion (in the spinal nerve)
posterior root
posterior rootlets into the dorsnal horn

out the ventral horn
rootlets
roots
spinal nerve
anterior ramus

56
Q

how does the innervation of myofibers occur (what type of neurons)

A

via motor neurosn

57
Q

what is a motor unit

A

1 motor neuron innervating multiple muscle fibers)

58
Q

true or false: motor units usually work in grousp

A

true

59
Q

what is the fancy name for skeletal muscle fibers

A

myofibrils

60
Q

true of false: the spianl nerves emerge at regular intervals from superior to inferior

A

true

61
Q

how are spinal/segmental nerves pairs named

A

in relation of the vertebra

62
Q

how many thoracic nerves are there

A

12

63
Q

how many lumbar nerves aree there

A

5

64
Q

how many sacral nerves are there

A

5

65
Q

how many cervical nervs are there

A

8

66
Q

he thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx nerves are named in relation to which vert

A

the superior vert

67
Q

the cervical nerves arew named in relation to the

A

inferior venterbal

68
Q

where does c8 nerve lie

A

betweeen c7 and t1

69
Q

what are the componentst fo the strcuture of the spinal cord

A

posterior horn
lateral honr
anterior horn
grey matter
white matter
central canal

posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
anteriolateral sulcular
posterolateral sulcus

70
Q

be able to label the strcuture of the spinal cord

A

l

71
Q

what is the cervical enlargment name

A

brachial plexus (c5-t1)

72
Q

where is brachial plexus

A

c5-t1

73
Q

what is the lumbar enlargements

A

lumbosacral plexus (l1-s4)

74
Q

where is the lumbosacrial plexus

A

L1-S4

75
Q

true or false: the spinal cord extends the length of vertebral column

A

false, the cord ends short

76
Q

explain growth of the spinal cord

A

in the embryo: spinal cord fills the length of the vertebral columb

at birth: spinal cord ends at l3

adult: spinal cord ends at L1/L2

77
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called

A

conus medullaris

78
Q

what is the ‘horses tail” of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina

79
Q

what is cauda quina

A

axons of ingerior spinal nerves

80
Q

true or false : near cervical the nerves emerge verticallt

A

false, more flat andd towards the sacral aspect is is more vertical

81
Q

what are the protective laters of the spinal cord called

A

menings

82
Q

what are the 3 meningers of the spina lcord

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

83
Q

what is the outermost lyers of the menigns

A

dura

84
Q

conus medularis is the…

A

end of the spinal cord

85
Q

what are denticulate ligamnets

A

the anchor
help buffer movement of the spinal cord

86
Q

what is filum terminale

A

derived from the pia mater
=suspends/supports the spinal cord

87
Q

what meninge is the filum terminale derived from

A

pia mater

88
Q

wht is the space above the dura caleld

A

extradural/epidural space

89
Q

what is the space under the dura mater called

A

subdural space

90
Q

what is the spalce under the arachnoid layer caleld

A

subarachnoid space

91
Q

were does CSF circualte

A

subarach space

92
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

93
Q

spinal nerves stay called spinal nerves throughout the body

A

false, they cross over, branch etc to form named peripheral nerves that inenrvatie multiple structures

94
Q

true or false: each spinal nerves will have a dscrete area of sensory innervation and will inenervate speccific set of muscles

A

true

95
Q

areawhat is a dermatome

A

area/region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerves

96
Q

what is a myotome

A

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

315 - anatomy (25 decks)

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