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315 - anatomy > lecture 25: anatomy of gait II (abnormal) > Flashcards

lecture 25: anatomy of gait II (abnormal) Flashcards

1
Q

understnd slide 5 about the motions forces and muscles patterss

A

/

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2
Q

another name for heel strike

A

initial contact

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3
Q

another name for loading response

A

foot flat

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4
Q

antoher name for terminal stance

A

heel off

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5
Q

another name for preswing

A

toe off

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6
Q

what is the definition of abnormal or atypical gaits

A

deviations from the kinematic patterns of a normal gait cycle

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7
Q

true or false: abnormal gaits can only be permanent and explain

A

false, can be temporary (injury) or permanent (eg: palsy, amputation)

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8
Q

are abnormal gaits unilateral, bilateral

A

can be eithre

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9
Q

abnormal gaits may affect what two things

A

1) timing of gait cycling eevents and/r
2) movement of limb segments /trunk

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10
Q

what are the 3 causes/types of abnormal gaits

A

1) muscle weakness
2) joint range of motion issues due to underlying factors (contractures, fusion, arthritis)
3) neurological disorders (parkinsons, hemiplegia)

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11
Q

what is the challange with gluteal maximus gait

A

weak/paralyzed glute maxius (ie: injury to inferior gluteal n) cant prevent (control) hip flexor torque at inittial contact/loading response, causing hip to buckle into flexion

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12
Q

weak/paralyzed glute maxius is due to what

A

injury to inferior gluteal n

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13
Q

what would a weak/paralyzed glute maxius (ie: injury to inferior gluteal n) do in terms of walking (glute max gait)

A

cant prevent (control) hip flexor torque at inittial contact/loading response, causing hip to buckle into flexion

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14
Q

weak/paralyzed glute maxius (ie: injury to inferior gluteal n) cant prevent (control) hip flexor torque at inittial contact/loading response, causing hip to do what

A

buckle into flexion

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15
Q

weak/paralyzed glute maxius (ie: injury to inferior gluteal n) cant prevent (control) what, causing hip to do what

A

hip flexor torque at inittial contact/loading response

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16
Q

what is the function of glute max in walking

A

glute max helps extend hip at the end of swing and controls hip flexion due to ground reaction force/toque at initial contact

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17
Q

glute max helps extend hip at the end of swing and controls hip flexion due what

A

to ground reaction force/toque at initial contact

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18
Q

what is the compensation of the gluteus maximus gait

A

quickly shift the trunk posteriorly, which moves GRF line of action posterior to hip joint, reducing or eliminated hip flexion torque due to GRF

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19
Q

what does quickly shifting the trunk posteriorly, do

A

which moves GRF line of action posterior to hip joint, reducing or eliminated hip flexion torque due to GRF

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20
Q

by quickly shifting the trunk posteriorly, which moves GRF line of action posterior to hip joint,what does this do

A

reducing or eliminated hip flexion torque due to GRF

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21
Q

be able to recognize picture of gluteus maximus gait

A

/

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22
Q

what do hip abductors control during gait

A

contralateral drop of the pelvis (pelvis tilt) during single support in stance

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23
Q

what is the challenge of muscle weakness/paralysis in the hip abductors

A

weak/paralyzed gluteus meduis, minimus or TFL prevents smooth control of pelvis tilt, leading to an abnormal amount of drop (due to trunk weight)

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24
Q

weak/paralyzed gluteus meduis, minimus or TFL prevents what

A

smooth control of pelvis tilt, leading to an abnormal amount of drop (due to trunk weight)

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25
Q

weak/paralyzed gluteus meduis, minimus or TFL prevents smooth control of pelvis tilt, leading to what

A

an abnormal amount of drop (due to trunk weight)

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26
Q

weaknesess of what muscles leads to tredenlenburg gait

A

glute med, min or TFL

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27
Q

what is the compensation for a weak/paralyzied hip abductors

A

shift the trunk over the stance leg to reduce the tprque created by the trunk during single support

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28
Q

in compensation for weak/paralyzed hip abductors we shift the trunk over the stance leg to do what

A

reduce the torque created by the trunk during single support

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29
Q

explain tredelenburg gait

A

noticeable lateral shift of trunk over stance leg and excessive pelvic drop, indicative of weakness in hip abduction

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30
Q

noticeable lateral shift of trunk over stance leg and excessive pelvic drop are indicative of what

A

indicative of weakness in hip abduction

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31
Q

be able to recognize tredelenburg gait

A
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32
Q

knee extensors (vastus group) cotrol what

A

control knee flexion during loading response (due to GRF being psoterior to knee creating a flexion force)

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33
Q

why do knee extensors (vastus group) control knee flexion during loading response (

A

due to GRF being psoterior to knee creating a flexion force)

34
Q

what is the challange with quadriceps gait/paralyzed quads

A

weak/paralyzed quadricepts (ie: injury/compression of femoral nerve under injuinal ligmanet) prevents smooth control of knee flexion during the loading repsonse, leading to knee buckling

35
Q

weak/paralyzed quadricepts is due to what

A

ie: injury/compression of femoral nerve under injuinal ligmanet)

36
Q

weak/paralyzed quadricepts (ie: injury/compression of femoral nerve under injuinal ligmanet) prevents what

A

smooth control of knee flexion during the loading repsonse, leading to knee buckling

37
Q

weak/paralyzed quadricepts (ie: injury/compression of femoral nerve under injuinal ligmanet) prevents smooth control of knee flexion during the loading repsonse, leading to. what

A

to knee buckling

38
Q

what is the compensation for for the quadriceps gait

A

rapidly shift the trunk forward over the stance leg (lurch), shifting GRF into an extension torque, and/or physically push on knee to lock into extension

39
Q

rapidly shifting the trunk forward over the stance leg (lurch), does what

A

shifting GRF into an extension torque, and/or physically push on knee to lock into extension

40
Q

what is the challange of having weak/paralyzed dorsiflexors

A

weak/paralyzed dorsiflexors (eg: injury/compression of common fibular n, compartment syndrom) prevents smooth control of plantar flexion during the loading response, leading to foot slap and increases risk of tripping during swing due to drop foot

41
Q

what are some explanations for weak/paralyzed dorsiflexors

A

(eg: injury/compression of common fibular n, compartment syndrom)

42
Q

weak/paralyzed (eg: injury/compression of common fibular n, compartment syndrom) prevents what

A

smooth control of plantar flexion during the loading response, leading to foot slap and increases risk of tripping during swing due to drop foot

43
Q

weak/paralyzed dorsiflexors (eg: injury/compression of common fibular n, compartment syndrom) prevents smooth control of plantar flexion during the loading response, leading to what

A

foot slap and increases risk of tripping during swing due to drop foot

44
Q

what is the 2 functions of ankle dorsiflexors during gait

A

control plantarflexion in the initial contact/;loading response of the stance

help clear foot/toes from ground throughout swing

45
Q

what is the compensation for weak or paralyzed ankle dorsiflexors

A

1) exagerrate knee and hip flexion in early swing phase to clear ground (steppage gait)

2) shift to striking ground with midfoot or forefoot to avoid foot slap (equinus fait)

46
Q

explain steppage gait and be able to recognize it

A

exagerrate knee and hip flexion in early swing phase to clear ground

47
Q

explain equinus gait and be able to recognize it

A

shift to striking ground with midfoot or forefoor to avoid foot slap

48
Q

hamstrings (knee flexors) usually help in what phase and how

A

in swing phase (clearing ground and swinging limb) but also “check activity ofthe knee extensors during the loading response)

49
Q

hamstrings (knee flexors) usually help in what phase and how

A

in swing phase (clearing ground and swinging limb) but also “check activity ofthe knee extensors during the loading response)

50
Q

what is the challagne with weak hamstrings

A

weak hamstring will be unable to balance the activity of the knee extensors, leading to rapid locking of the knee into extension (genu recurvatum)

51
Q

weak hamstring will be unable to do what

A

balance the activity of the knee extensors, leading to rapid locking of the knee into extension (genu recurvatum)

52
Q

weak hamstring will be unable to balance the activity of the knee extensors, leading to what

A

rapid locking of the knee into extension (genu recurvatum)

53
Q

what is rapid locking of the knee into extension called

A

genu recurvatum

54
Q

what is genu recurvatum

A

rapid locking of the knee into extension called

55
Q

what is genu recurvatum

A

wrapid locking of the knee into extension called

56
Q

what is the compensation for weak hamstrings in gait

A

none

57
Q

what is the only gait that has no compensation

A

gait with genurecurvatum due to weak hamstrings

58
Q

what are joint contractures

A

limitations to the normal range of motion of a joint due to stiffening/shortening of soft tissues around it (tendon, muscle, joint capsule)

59
Q

what is joint contractures due to

A

due to stiffening/shortening of soft tissues around it (tendon, muscle, joint capsule)

60
Q

when do hip and or knee flexion contratures occur

A

when the tightness or stiffness of a joint prevents full extension of those joints

61
Q

hip and/or knee flexion contractures will manifest how

A

mafinest as crouched gait, typically with shorter step length for the unaffeted side because the affect side cannot complete a fully extended arc

62
Q

hip and or knee flexion contracture will manifest as what gait

A

crouched gait

63
Q

hip/knee flexion contractures will mafinest as crouched gait, typically with shorter step length for the unaffeted side
why

A

because the affect side cannot complete a fully extended arc

64
Q

in joint fusion, what happens to joint surfaces

A

joint surfaces calcify and fuse, preventing any motion at the joint

65
Q

in joint fusion, joint surfaces calcify and fuse, preventing

A

any motion at the joint

66
Q

what are some examples of how joint fusions can be patholigical

A

ankylosing spondylitis, heterotopic bone formation

67
Q

what are the 2 ways to get joint fusions

A

pathological

surgery performed to alleivate pain related to arthritis=arthrodesis

68
Q

what is arthrodesis

A

Arthrodesis refers to the fusion of two or more bones in a joint
to alleviate pain related to arthristus

69
Q

explain hip fusion

A

the flexion/extension role normally played by the hip in walking is replaced by a dynamic change in lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt

70
Q

in hip fusion, the flexion/extension role normally played by the hip in walking is replaced by what

A

by a dynamic change in lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt

71
Q

explain the by a dynamic change in lumbar lordosis and pelvic tilt in hip fusion

A

decreased lordosis and poserior pelvic tilt at loading phase

increased lordosis and anterior pelvic tilt at terminal stance

72
Q

there there increased/decreased lordosis and poserior/anterior pelvic tilt at loading phase

A

decreased

posterior

73
Q

is there increased/decreased lordosis and /posterior anterior pelvic tilt at terminal stance

A

increased

anterior

74
Q

is there increased/decreased lordosis and /posterior anterior pelvic tilt at terminal stance

A

increased

anterior

75
Q

explain knee fusion

A

clearing foot in swing phase becomes challenging, leading to vaulting gait or circumduction gait

76
Q

in knee fusion what becomes difficult and what does that lead to

A

clearing foot in swing phase becomes challenging, leading to vaulting gait or circumduction gait

77
Q

knee fusion leads to what two f=gaits

A

vaulting gait

circumduction gait

78
Q

true or false: vaulting gait or circumduction gait are only appearnt in knee fusion

A

false, may also be apprent in knee extension contractures

79
Q

what is vaulting gait

A

Vaulting gait is a compensatory strategy where someone will rise up on their toe (plantar flex) in order to swing the leg through without it hitting the floor

80
Q

what is circumduction gait

A

To compensate, the patient abducts her thigh and swings her leg in a semi-circle to attain adequate clearance of the ground

315 - anatomy (25 decks)

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