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Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

lipid bylayer

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

all around the outside of the cell

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

everything inside the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Kelly stuff between the organelles

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5
Q

What are organelles?

A

the structures inside a cell

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

the brain of the cell

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7
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and associated proteins

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8
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

lipid synthesis

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10
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough EPR has ribosomes on it

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11
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

helps transporting things from the endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What is a Golgi vesicle?

A

a vessel that has broken off of the Golgi apparatus to transport something

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13
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

a membrane bound organelle that contains mostly enzymes; performs lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

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14
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components like a damaged organelle

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15
Q

What is microfilament?

A

cytoskeleton mostly in muscular cells; helps with muscle contraction

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16
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

the motor of cell division

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17
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

the powerhouse of the cell

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18
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

the site of protein synthesis

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19
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

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20
Q

What is the first characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

highly cellular, minimal extracellular matrix

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21
Q

What is the second characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

polarity, tissue has an apical and basal surface

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22
Q

What is the third characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

attachment to a basement membrane

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23
Q

What is the fourth characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

avascular; blood vessels are found in underlying connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the fifth characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

regeneration; high regenerative capacity

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25
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

in-between two types of tissue; eg. epithelial tissue and connective tissue like the skin

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26
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

the top of epithelial tissue; outside of the skin or the very inside of an organ

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27
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

the bottom of the epithelial tissue

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28
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

physical protection, selective permeability, secretion

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29
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

tight junctions, gap junctions, anchoring junctions

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30
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

don’t let anything through from other cells

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31
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

allows small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells; allow electrical and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells

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32
Q

What do anchoring junctions do?

A

holds the cell to something

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33
Q

What type of junctions are desmosomes?

A

anchoring

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34
Q

What type of junctions are adherens?

A

anchoring

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35
Q

What type of junctions are hemidesmosomes?

A

anchoring

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36
Q

What do hemidesmosomes do?

A

makes the cells not pull apart from the basement membrane

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37
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

keep cells together

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38
Q

What do adherens do?

A

can do what hemidesmosomes or desmosomes do but they have actin in them

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39
Q

What are the types of simple epithelia?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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40
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelia?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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41
Q

What is the odd one out of epithelia?

A

pseudostratified

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42
Q

What shape are squamous epithelia cells?

A

flat

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43
Q

What shape are cuboidal epithelia cells?

A

cube like

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44
Q

What shape are columnar epithelia cells?

A

column/cylindrical like

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45
Q

What do pseudostratified epithelia cells look like?

A

looks like it’s stratified but it’s not; nucleus in different places

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46
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A

diffusion and filtration

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47
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium located?

A

lung air sacs (alveoli), lining of blood vessels, serous membranes

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48
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

absorption and secretion

49
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium located?

A

kidney tubules, glands

50
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)

51
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium located?

A

lining of stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (non-ciliated); lining of uterine tubes (ciliated)

52
Q

What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection, movement (if ciliated)

53
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A

lining of respiratory tract

54
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection

55
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelium cells located?

A

epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina

56
Q

What are the functions of transitional epithelium?

A

distention and relaxation of urinary structures

57
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A

lining of ureters, bladder, and erethra

58
Q

What is the only system that transitional epithelium are found in?

A

urinary system

59
Q

What is cilia used for?

A

moves stuff around the cell

60
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelium?

A

exocrine and endocrine

61
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

secrete products onto an epithelial surface

62
Q

What are the two types of glands that are mostly exocrine

A

simple alveolar (acinar) and simple branched alveolar (sebaceous/oil glands)

63
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

secrete hormones; ductless, secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream, form the endocrine system

64
Q

What are the more endocrine glandular epithelium?

A

simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular

65
Q

Where are simple tubular glands found?

A

intestinal glands

66
Q

Where are simple oiled tubular glands found?

A

merocrine sweat glands

67
Q

Where are simple branched tubular glands found?

A

gastric glands and mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum

68
Q

What are the three types of secretion?

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

69
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

secretion through the vesicle; tears and sweat

70
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

part of the cell pinches off and that part is the secretion; cell stays alive; breast milk

71
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

mature cell dies and becomes secretory product; explodes; digestion

72
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport (blood), immune protection

73
Q

What are the three types of tissues that come from mesenchyme?

A

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

74
Q

What are the types of connective tissue proper?

A

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

75
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

76
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

77
Q

What are the types of supporting connective tissue?

A

cartilage (semisolid matrix) and bone (solid matrix)

78
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

79
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

80
Q

What is fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

81
Q

What is a blast?

A

immature cell

82
Q

What is a cyte?

A

mature cell

83
Q

What is a plast?

A

dead/dying cell

84
Q

What does areolar tissue do?

A

surrounds and protects organs, loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues

85
Q

Where is areolar tissue found?

A

subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin

86
Q

What is the structure of areolar tissue?

A

fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance

87
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

stores energy, protects, cushions, insulates

88
Q

What is the structure of adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes in a loose extracellular matrix

89
Q

Where is adipose tissue located?

A

surround organs, subcutaneous tissue; fat

90
Q

What is the function of reticular tissue?

A

provides supportive framework

91
Q

What is the structure of reticular tissue?

A

white blood cells and fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance

92
Q

Where is reticular tissue found?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

93
Q

What is the structure of dense regular connective tissue?

A

dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance

94
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

resists stress in one direction

95
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

tendons, ligaments

96
Q

What is the structure of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance

97
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

resists stresses in all directions

98
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

A

dermis of skin, organ capsules

99
Q

What is the structure of dense elastic tissue?

A

dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts

100
Q

What is the function of dense elastic tissue?

A

allows stretching

101
Q

Where is dense elastic tissue found?

A

walls of large arteries and airways

102
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

semisolid matrix containing chondrocytes

103
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

provides support and flexibility, absorbs compression

104
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A

ends of long bones, trachea, intervertebral discs, external ear

105
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

calcified, solid matrix containing osteocytes

106
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

protection, support, movement (with muscular system), stores calcium

107
Q

Are red or white blood cells bigger?

A

red blood cells

108
Q

What is the structure of fluid connective tissue?

A

contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; water-based ground substance called plasma

109
Q

What is the function of fluid connective tissue?

A

transports gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste, participates in immune response and blood clotting

110
Q

Where is fluid connective tissue found?

A

blood vessels and heart

111
Q

What is scurvy?

A

nutritional disorder caused by vitamin C deficiency

112
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A

weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa; wounds and fractures don’t heal well

113
Q

Why does scurvy happen?

A

normal collagen fibers cannot form

114
Q

What is Marfan syndrome?

A

genetic disease where there are abnormalities in fibrillar, a protein that builds elastic fibers

115
Q

What happens to people with Marfan syndrome?

A

tall and thin with long legs, arms, fingers, and toes; typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness

116
Q

What happens when you have Marfan syndrome?

A

causes skeletal, cardio, vision, and connective tissue abnormalities

117
Q

How is gangrene formed?

A

caused by lack of blood flow that may be due to mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes

118
Q

What does gangrene commonly affect?

A

limbs, fingers, toes

Anatomy (22 decks)

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