Blood (Lecture 15) Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
transportation, regulation, defense
What does blood transport?
oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, waste products
What does blood regulate?
body pH and fluid levels, absorbs heat and distributes it throughout the body
What organ helps to regulate pH levels?
kidneys
What does the blood defend against?
infection
What does the blood do in the area of defense?
transport infection-fighting antibodies and forms blood clots
What is plasma made of?
mostly water which has a high capacity to retain heat
What part of the blood defends?
mostly WBCs
What percent of the blood is plasma?
55%
What percent of the blood is RBCs?
44%
What percent of blood is the Buffy coat?
<1%
What is the Buffy coat?
WBCs and platelets
What does albumin do?
carries certain hormones
What does globulins do?
pretty much antibodies; protects against infections
What does fibrinogen do?
helps with blood clots
What are regulatory proteins?
some are proteins
What are the proteins of the plasma?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins
What are RBCs filled with?
hemoglobin
What are erythrocytes?
RBCs
What is the shape of RBCs?
biconcave discs
Why are RBCs biconcave discs?
allows gases to be loaded on both sides and unloaded efficiently
What eats the nucleus of the RBCs?
WBCs
What does actin do in the formation of RBCs?
separates the nucleus from the cell
What can RBCs do?
line up in single file and bend as they pass through small vessels
Where are RBCs formed?
red bone marrow
How long do RBCs circulate/live?
120 days or 4 months
Where are aged RBCs disposed of?
liver, spleen, bone marrow
What does the spleen do with RBCs?
gets rid of them but also stores them
What is mono?
an enlargement of the spleen
Are old parts of erythrocytes broken down and reused in new RBCs?
yes
What is polycythemia?
too many RBCs in the blood
What does polycythemia do?
increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart
What is anemia?
low levels of erythrocytes or hemoglobin
What happens when the blood doesn’t have enough RBCs?
not able to transport enough oxygen
What happens when the blood doesn’t have enough hemoglobin?
not able to grab onto oxygen
What does hemoglobin do?
allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to be carried by RBCs
What is sickle cell anemia?
too few RBCs because a lot of them are sickling
What happens when a cell is sickled?
it’s not able to carry things because it is sticking to itself
What shape are WBCs?
spherical
What are leukocytes?
WBCs
What do WBCs do?
initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens
What is diapedesis?
WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
What is chemotaxis?
WBCs are attracted to the set of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
What are the two major types of leukocytes?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are the types of granulocytes?
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
What do neutrophils do?
phagocytizes pathogens
What is the most abundant type of granulocyte?
neutrophils
What do eosinophils do?
destroys parasites; important in allergies
Why do basophils do?
promotes inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin
What do the granulocytes end in?
phil
What do the agranulocytes end in?
cyte
What are the types of agranulocytes?
monocyte and lymphocyte
What do monocytes do?
phagocytizes pathogens and debris
what do monocytes become?
macrophage
Where do lymphocytes reside?
lymphatic tissue
What do lymphocytes do?
coordinates the immune response
What cells are lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
What are T cells?
from the thymus (I think)
What are B cells?
from the bone
What do natural killer cells do?
kill something if it’s not normal
What cells need previous exposure in order to fight it?
T cells and B cells
What is leukocytosis?
high WBC count
What causes leukocytosis?
infection, inflammation, or extreme stress
What is leukopenia?
low WBC count
What causes leukocytosis?
certain types of viral or bacterial infections
What is leukemia?
cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells in the bone marrow
What happens when you have leukemia?
proliferation of non functional leukocytes; cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of RBCs and platelets, causing anemia and bleeding
What are platelets?
cell fragments of megakaryocytes
How long do platelets live?
8-10 days
What do platelets do?
assist in blood clotting
How many platelets does one megakaryocyte make?
thousands
What is thrombocytosis?
high platelet count; body wants to clot everything
What causes thrombocytosis?
disease of blood or bone marrow, cancer, removal of spleen, or an infection
What is thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count
What causes thrombocytopenia?
damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or overactive spleen
What is petechiae?
bleeding inside the skin that looks like a rash or acne but isn’t raised
What determines blood type?
surface antigens
What is hematopoiesis?
the production of blood
What is erythropoiesis?
the production of RBCs
What is thrombopoiesis?
the production of platelets
What is leukopoiesis?
the production of WBCs
Where does hematopoiesis happen?
red bone marrow
What controls RBC production?
erythropoietin made in the kidney
What does erythropoietin do?
stimulates red bone marrow to create erythrocytes
