Lecture 13 Flashcards
What are the two types of senses?
general and special
What are general senses?
sensed throughout the body
What are examples of general senses?
temperature, pain, tough, stretch, and pressure
What are special senses?
specialized to the head
What are the special senses?
gustation (taste), olfaction (smell), vision, equilibrium, and audition (hearing)
How are stimuli detected?
receptors
What are the different types of receptors?
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors
What are chemoreceptors?
detect change in chemical concentration
What are thermoreceptors?
detect change in temperature
What are photoreceptors?
detect change in light
What are mechanoreceptors?
detect change in movement, physical change
What are nociceptors?
detect pain, detects tissue damage that results in us feeling pain
What do mechanoreceptors detect in the skin?
touch, pressure, and vibration
What are the mechanoreceptors in the skin?
meissner corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle, pacinian corpuscle, and free nerve ending
What do meissner corpuscles detect?
light touch
What do ruffini corpuscles detect?
vibrations, light pressure, joints moving if around joints
What do pacinian corpuscles detect?
deep pressure
What do free nerve endings detect?
change in temp, pain
What are proprioceptors?
subset of mechanoreceptors
What do proprioceptors do?
help you know where parts of your body is in space
What are the two proprioceptors?
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
What do muscle spindles detect?
muscle stretch
What do Golgi tendon organs detect?
tendon stretch, tells how much tension is being placed on a tendon
What innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
facial nerve; closer to the face
What innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
glossopharyngeal nerve; closer to the pharynx
What do filiform papillae do?
help grip food
What papillae doesn’t have taste buds?
filiform papillae
What papillae can change overtime?
foliate papillae
What papillae has few taste buds?
fungiform papillae
What papillae has taste buds during infancy?
foliate papillae
What papillae has many taste buds?
circumvallate papillae
What are the six extrinsic eye muscles?
superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
What innervates the superior rectus?
oculomotor nerve
What innervates the superior oblique?
trochlear nerve
What innervates the medial rectus?
oculomotor nerve
What innervates the inferior oblique?
oculomotor nerve
What innervates the inferior rectus?
oculomotor nerve
What innervates the lateral rectus?
abducens nerve
What do eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids do?
prevent foreign objects from contacting the eye
What prevents foreign objects from contacting the eye?
eyebrows, eyelashes, and eyelids
What does the conjunctiva do?
prevents things from getting to the back of the eye
Where is the conjunctiva?
covering the eye’s anterior surface and internal eyelid
Does the conjunctiva cover the cornea?
no
What is part of the lacrimal system?
lacrimal glands, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct
What do tarsal glands do?
maintains moisture of the eye; prevents evaporation of tears
What do tarsal glands produce?
waxy lipid solution
What is the fibrous tunic of the eye?
sclera and cornea
What is the vascular tunic of the eye?
choroid, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, iris
What is the neural tunic of the eye?
retina (photoreceptors)
What are the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye filled with?
aqueous humor
What is the vitreous chamber filled with?
vitreous humor
What does vitreous humor do?
helps maintain the shape of the eye
What is vitreous humor?
gel like
What are rods?
look like a rod
What are cones?
look like a cone
What do rods do?
function in dim light
What do rods not do?
don’t provide sharp vision or color vision
Are rods or cones more numerous?
rods
What do cones do?
provide high acuity color vision
Where do cones operate best?
bright light
What are cataracts?
cloudy lens
What is glaucoma?
high pressure in the eye
What does glaucoma do?
hurts the optic nerve
What causes glaucoma?
aqueous humor gets blocked and gets built up which increases pressure in the eye
What is macular degeneration?
area around fovea centralis degenerates
What is part of the external ear?
auricle, external auditory canal, ceruminous glands, tympanic membrane
What are ceruminous glands?
produce cerumen (ear wax)
What does ear wax do?
helps prevent infections
What is part of the middle ear?
Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), stapedius muscle, tensor tympani muscle, tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory tube
What is the tympanic cavity?
air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane
What does the tympanic membrane do?
vibrates from sound waves; air must be equalized in order for the membrane to vibrate
What does the stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle do?
helps decrease vibrations when in a loud place so the ossicles don’t get hurt
What does the auditory tube connect to?
nasopharynx
Is the auditory tube usually open or closed?
closed
Why does the auditory tube open?
to equilibrate pressure in middle ear
What it otitis media?
infection of the middle ear
What are the inner ear structures?
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibular and cochlear nerves
What are the utricle and saccule part of?
the vestibule
What does the vestibule do?
detects linear acceleration and head position, helps sense equilibrium
What do the semicircular canals do?
detect rotational movements, helps sense equilibrium
What does the cochlea do?
detects sound waves
What does Scala vestibule and Scala tympani contain?
perilymph
What does Scala media contain?
endolymph
What lobe does hearing?
parietal lobe
What lobe does taste?
insular lobe
What lobe does smell?
temporal lobe
What lobe does eyesight?
occipital lobe
What is the sensory cell of gustation?
gustatory cell
What is the sensory cell of olfaction?
olfactory neuron
What is the sensory cell of vision?
rods and cones
What is the sensory cell of audition?
cochlear hair cells
What is the sensory cell of equilibrium?
hair cells
