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Zak, Embryology > Lecture 20: Muscular Development > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Muscular Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the stages of muscle tissue morphogenesis?

A

Myogenic cell–>Myoblast–>Myotube–>Muscle fiber

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2
Q

What do myogenic cells originate from?

A

Somites

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3
Q

T/F: Myogenic cells are postmitotic.

A

False, myogenic cells are still mitotic. Myoblasts are postmitotic

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4
Q

When are myotubes formed?

A

When myoblasts line up & adhere to each other

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5
Q

What are myotubes characterized by?

A

Actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, sarcomere formation, & peripheral nuclei

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6
Q

T/F: Satellite cells are mitotic & myogenic and form new muscle fibers.

A

False, do not form new muscle fibers. Provide growth of existing fibers

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7
Q

What occurs first, differentiation or innervation, of primary myotubes?

A

Differentiation:

between fast/slow fibers

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8
Q

What is necessary for the formation of secondary myotubes?

A

Nerves in primary myotubes

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9
Q

What signaling molecules maintain myogenic cells in mitotic state?

A

FGF & TGF-beta

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10
Q

What is the loss of mitotic capability due to?

A

p21

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11
Q

How do MyoD, E12, & Id interact to regulate muscle development?

A

Enhancer + MyoD homodimer = Good activation
Enhancer + MyoD-E12 heterodimer = Great activation
Enhancer + MyoD-Id heterodimer = Poor/No activation

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12
Q

Which factors activate MyoD?

A

Myf-5 & Pax-3/Pax-7

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13
Q

What does expression of Myf-5 & MyoD result in the formation of?

A

Myogenin & myoblast genes

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14
Q

What does myogenin result in the formation of?

A

Myf-6 & myotube genes

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15
Q

What does Myf-6 lead to the expression of?

A

Myofiber genes

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16
Q

What do epaxial muscles arise from?

A

Dorsal lip of myotome

17
Q

What do epaxial tendons arise from?

A

Syndetome layer within somites

18
Q

What do hypaxial muscles arise from?

A

Ventral buds of myotome

19
Q

What do hypaxial tendons arise from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

20
Q

What do limb muscles arise from?

A

Ventrolateral dermomyotome

21
Q

What do limb muscle tendons arise from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

22
Q

What are most head and neck muscles derived from?

A

Paraxial somitomeres

23
Q

What do extraocular muscles arise from?

A

Prechordal plate

24
Q

What is most of the cranial musculature derived from?

A

Unsegmented paraxial mesoderm

25
Q

What is the other cranial musculature (lower jaw) derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

26
Q

What is cardiac muscle derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

27
Q

What do both cardiac and skeletal muscle cells express?

A

MADS

28
Q

T/F: Cardiac musculature expresses MyoD.

A

False

29
Q

How do early cardiac muscle cells maintain their ability to divide?

A

By partially disassembling their contractile apparatus prior to cell division

Zak, Embryology (25 decks)

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