Lecture 15: Developmental Disorders Flashcards

0
Q

What are disruptions?

A

Disturbances in otherwise normal morphogenetic processes.

EX: amniotic bands

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1
Q

What is a malformation?

A

A primary error of morphogenesis usually involving genetic and environmental factors

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2
Q

What are deformations?

A

Disturbances in otherwise normal morphogenetic processes caused by abnormal biomechanical forces such as uterine constraints.
EX: clubfoot

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3
Q

What are sequences?

A

Series of events triggered by one initiating factor.

EX: Oligohydramnios

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4
Q

What are syndromes?

A

Constellations of congenital anomalies that are thougth to be pathologically related.
EX: viral infection

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5
Q

What period is considered the critical period?

A

Weeks 3-8

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6
Q

T/F: Genetic mutations are often inherited as autosomal recessive or X-linked diseases.

A

True

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7
Q

80-90% of fetuses with _____, and other chromosomal abnormalities, die in utero

A

Aneuploidy

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8
Q

What is often the result of the retention of a polar body or by fertilization by more than one sperm?

A

Euploidy

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9
Q

T/F: Euploidy fetuses will grow to term.

A

False, usually results in early spontaneous abortion

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10
Q

What affect would thalidomide have on development?

A

Limb and ear defects & cardiovascular abnormalities

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11
Q

What affect would alcohol have on development?

A

Growth & mental retardation & malformation of face and trunk

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12
Q

What affect would retinoic acid have on development?

A

Facial, thymus, & outflow tract of the heart defects

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13
Q

What are the 2nd most common cause of neonatal mortality?

A

Prematurity and growth restictions

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14
Q

Hyaline membrane disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, interventricular hemorrhage, & developmental delay are all hazards of what?

A

Prematurity

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15
Q

What are fetal factors resulting in fetal growth restriction?

A

Chromosome disorders, congenital anomalies, congenital infections

16
Q

What are placental factors resulting in fetal growth restrictions?

A

Vascular anomalies, placenta previa, multiple gestations, genetic mosaicism, & thrombosis & infarction

17
Q

What are maternal factors resulting in fetal growth restrictions?

A

Preeclampsia, hypertension, drugs, malnutrition

18
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is related to _____ and, therefore, is related to _____.

A

Immaturity of the lungs.

Premature birth

19
Q

T/F: Incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome are inversely proportional.

A

True

20
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is the result of a deficiency in _____?

A

Pulmonary surfactant

21
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension between alveoli so they don’t stick together

22
Q

What is fetal hydrops?

A

Accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus

23
Q

What are immune hydrops?

A

Blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus

EX: Rh-antibodies

24
Q

What is nonimmune hydrops caused by?

A

Cardiovascular defects & chromosomal anomalies

25
Q

What is kernicturus?

A

Brain damage caused by jaundice

26
Q

What is preeclampsia and what is it characterized by?

A

Pregnancy induced hypertension.

BP of 140/190 after 20 weeks of gestation

27
Q

What is the severity order of the 3 “eclampsia” conditions?

A

Preeclampsia–>Preclampsia–>Eclampsia

28
Q

What is a major symptom of eclampsia?

A

Grand mal seizures