Lecture 2 - Jan 12 (Part 2 - Minerals, Vitamins, H2O)

Question 1

what are minerals

Answer 1

Inorganic substance that are essential to health

Question 2

what are Macrominerals

Answer 2

Calcium
sodium
chloride
potassium
phosphorus
magnesium

Needed in relatively large amounts

Question 3

what are Micro/trace minerals:

Answer 3

Iron
zinc
copper
selenium
iodine
fluoride

Needed in small amounts

Question 4

what are Vitamins

Answer 4

Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and perhaps nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements

Question 5

What are the two classifications of vitamins based on solubility?

Answer 5

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble, depending on their solubility and how they are absorbed and utilized by the body.

Question 6

(Important) for a substance to gain the status of a vitamin, it must be:

Answer 6

Organic

Play an essential role in at least one necessary chemical reaction or process in the human body

Question 7

are vitamins non-caloric substances or caloric substances

Answer 7

Vitamins are non-caloric substances (does not provide energy)

Question 8

are vitamins required in large or small amounts

Answer 8

required in very small amounts (participate in specific steps of metabolism)

Question 9

can vitamins be made in the human body

Answer 9

A vitamin cannot be made in the human body either at all, or in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s needs (there are exceptions to this)

Question 10

A vitamin cannot be made in the human body either at all, or in sufficient quantities to meet the body’s needs (there are exceptions to this) such as:

Answer 10

Vitamin D

Vitamin K (fat soluble)

biotene (water soluble)

Question 11

how is Vitamin D produced in the human body

Answer 11

Vitamin D can be made by the human body when exposed to the sun; the UV light, when it hits the skin, causes cholesterol (a fat) to be converted into vitamin D

Question 12

how is Vitamin K (fat soluable) produced in the body

Answer 12

produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine

Question 13

how is biotine (water soluable) produced in the body

Answer 13

produced by bacteria that live in the large intestine

Question 14

________ The simplest nutrient from a chemical point of view, however the most important

Answer 14

H2O

Question 15

Estimated volumes of body fluid compartments for a 73 kg man, with 40 L of total body H2O (how is this water distributed?):

Answer 15

Intracellular volume → 24 L (60%)

Extracellular volume → 16 L (40%)

(don’t have to remember the exact numbers just the trend)

Question 16

how is Extracellular volume distributed?

Answer 16

Interstitial volume (28% of extracellular volume)

Plasma volume (8% of extracellular volume)

Transcellular volume (4% of extracellular volume)