Lecture 10 (Part 1) MIDTERM 2 STARTS HERE

Question 1

Main types of lipids found in foods:

Answer 1

1. Fatty acids
2. Phospholipids
3. Sterols

Question 2

Lipids Important for:

Answer 2

➢ Energy storage and production (adipose tissue)
➢ Insulation and padding (adipose tissue and fat around internal organs)
➢ Cell signalling
➢ Structural support
➢ Inflammatory responses
➢ Hormonal production (sex hormones and stress hormones)

Question 3

_____________ The simplest lipids

Answer 3

Fatty Acids

Question 4

Fatty Acids Divided into 3 groups:

Answer 4

➢ Short chain: 2-4 carbons
➢ Medium chain: 6-12 carbons
➢ Long chain: 14-26 carbons

Question 5

Fatty Acids Type also depends on …..

Answer 5

the absence or presence of double bonds

Question 6

Do Saturated Fatty Acids have double bonds:

Answer 6

Saturated: no double bonds (palmitic acids 16:0; 16 carbons, 0 double bonds)

Question 7

Do Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds:

Answer 7

Unsaturated: has double bonds (oleic acid 18:1; 18 carbons, 1 double bond)

Question 8

Unsaturated fatty acids are divided into:

Answer 8

➢ Monounsaturated: MUFAs (oleic & palmitoleic)
➢ Polyunsaturated: PUFAs (linoleic and arachidonic)

Question 9

The two main types of MUFAs are:

Answer 9

oleic acid and palmitoleic acid

Question 10

The two main types of PUFAs are:

Answer 10

linoleic and arachidonic acid

Question 11

Depending on the ______________________ within the hydrocarbon chain, we can determine the name of Fatty Acids.

Answer 11

Depending on the position of double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain, we can determine the name:

Question 12

Delta nomenclature:

REVIEW LECTURE NOTES FOR IMAGE

Answer 12

start counting carbons from the carboxyl end
(recognizes both double bonds; official way of naming)

Question 13

Omega nomenclature:

REVIEW LECTURE NOTES FOR IMAGE

Answer 13

start counting carbons from the methyl end (only
need to know where the first double bond occurs)

Question 14

Fatty acids can be classified as ……

Answer 14

essential or nonessential

Question 15

examples of Essential Fatty acids

Answer 15

Linoleic acid (18:2^Δ9,12 ; ⍵-6)
Linolenic acid (18:3^Δ9,12,15; ⍵-3)

Question 16

How does the human body obtain Essential fatty acids

Answer 16

through diet

Question 17

Humans lack which two desaturases,

Answer 17

Humans lack Δ12 and Δ15 desaturases, which are enzymes that are crucial to incorporate double bonds at such positions; only plants have these enzymes

Question 18

why are Δ12 and Δ15 desaturases important

Answer 18

Humans lack Δ12 and Δ15 desaturases, which are enzymes that are crucial to incorporate double bonds at such positions; only plants have these enzymes

Question 19

what can occur if fat is completely abolished from our diet

Answer 19

Stunted growth, dermatitis, kidney lesions, and early death can occur if fat is completely abolished from out diet

Question 20

Are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

Answer 20

saturated fat means solid at room temperature (coconut oil)

Question 21

Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature

Answer 21

unsaturated fat means liquid at room temperature

Question 22

what will determine if fat is solid or liquid at room temperature

Answer 22

Composition of fat will determine if it is solid or liquid at room temperature

Generally, fats that are high in unsaturated fatty acids, including both polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, tend to be liquid at room temperature.

BASICALLY IF IT IS SATURATED OR UNSATURATED

Question 23

Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids** Exert opposing metabolic effects**

Question 24

Regular consumption of omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with:

Answer 24

● Decreased blood pressure and blood clots
● Decreased risk of heart disease and stroke
● Improved defence against inflammatory diseases

Question 25

Regular consumption of omega-6 fatty acids has been associated with:

Answer 25

omega-6 fatty acids can have a pro-inflammatory effect and can be harmful in copious amounts

Question 26

Is a lower or higher omega-6 to omega-3 ratio generally preferred:

Answer 26

Lower omega-6 : omega-3 ratio