Lecture 11 Flashcards
where are Triglycerides Abundantly found
Triglycerides Abundantly found in adipocytes (subcutaneous fat) as a form of energy storage and insulation
function of Visceral adipose tissue
Visceral adipose tissue provides mechanical support for internal organs
Triglycerides function
Serves as carriers of lipid soluble vitamins (ADEK)
How do Triglycerides contribute to the taste and texture of foods
Confer taste to food, and signal for satiety(the feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating)
what makes up the largest proportion of lipids that humans consume
Triglycerides
Triglycerides made up of which two molecules
glycerol (alcohol) + fatty acids
Triglycerides are formed through a chemical process called
esterification
Esterification
Result
where three fatty acid molecules react with one molecule of glycerol
This reaction results in the formation of a triglyceride molecule and three molecules of water.
which molecules interact for esterification to occur
carboxyl (-COOH) end of the fatty acid and the hydroxyl (-OH) end of the glycerol molecule.
how is excess form of fat is stored in our body
via Triglycerides
Fully oxidized molecule of glucose = how many ATP
32 ATP
Fully oxidized molecule of palmitate (fatty acid) = how many ATP
106 ATP
what compound is removed during the esterification process and why.
Esterification process removes water from the adipocyte so you can pack more energy in the cell taking up minimum space
what makes up Phospholipids
Phosphatidic acid (made up of glycerol backbone) + 2 fatty acids (saturated @C1 and unsaturated @C2) + phosphate group @C3
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Amphiphilic molecules =
Amphiphilic molecules (can attract both water and fat soluble substances)
Amphiphilic molecules, possess both hydrophobic (water-repelling) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) regions within their structure.
what type of molecule is a phospholipid
Amphiphilic molecule
How many different molecules can bind to phosphate group and form a phospholipid
There are 4 different molecules that can bind to phosphate group and form a phospholipid
Name three cellular processes that phospholipids contribute to
Eicosanoid Synthesis (via phospholipids containing arachidonic acid)
Intracellular Signaling
Cell Anchorage
What are Sterols
Class of lipids characterized by a four-ring core structure (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) or steroid nucleus
What is the most well-known sterol in animals
Cholesterol
Where is Cholesterol abundant within the body
Abundant in the brain and nerve tissues; necessary for normal function
Where does cholesterol come from
diet (meats, egg yolk, poultry, and dairy products)
endogenous synthesis (can make yourself)
What does Cholesterol make/help make within the body
bile salts
steroid hormones
cell membranes
lipoproteins (serve as carriers of lipids)
vitamin D3
Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous):
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- Use fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids as substrates
- These substrates have to be converted into Acetyl-CoA
- Acetyl-CoA is converted into HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA reductase converts HMG-CoA to mevalonate (this is the rate limiting step; whether you need more cholesterol or not; regulates production of cholesterol)
- Mevalonate is converted to squalene
- Squalene is converted to cholesterol
7.Cholesterol forms a negative feedback system back to HMG-CoA reductase (inhibited when the cell reaches a significant amount of cholesterol)
what did the discovery of Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous) allow pharmaceutical companies to produce
allowed pharmaceutical companies to produce a drug that interacts with HMG-CoA reductase and inhibits it (statins)
When is the “Cholesterol Synthesis pathway (endogenous) “ activated
activated if you are not eating cholesterol and the liver has to synthesize it itself
