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Lecture 12- Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of connective tissue

A

tissue that :

  • connects
  • supports
  • binds
  • separates

other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibres

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2
Q

how many types of connective tissue

A

6

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3
Q

name the 6 types of connective tissue

A

1) loose connective tissue (areolar)
2) Dense (fibrous) connective tissue
3) Adipose tissue
4) Cartilage
5) Bone
6) Blood

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4
Q

connective tissue made up of 3 componenets

A

cells

fibres

ground substance

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5
Q

fibre

A

collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

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6
Q

extracellular matrix =

A

ground susbtance nad fibres

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7
Q

ground substance made up of

A

consists of large molecules called glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) which link together to form even larger molecules called proteoglycans.

  • gel-like substancein the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin
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8
Q

texture of ground susbtance

A

Viscous clear substance with slippery feel (high water content)

  • GAGs attract water to forma. hydrated gel
  • GAGs eprmit rapid diffusion but also resists compression
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9
Q

function of connective tissue

A

Function:

Binds and supports visceral organs in place (holds skin, gut lungs together etc)

Protecting- shock absorber

Insulating (fat underlying skin)

Storing reserve fuel and cells (bone marrow and fat tissue)

Transporting substances within the body (blood and interstitial)

Separation of tissues(fascia and tendons/cartilage)

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10
Q

Interstitial

A

space between tissues and organs of the body

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11
Q

where is loose connective tissue (areolar) found

A

beneath epithelia to facilitate diffusion

e. g. Lamina propria beneath mucosal membranes
e. g. located around small blood vessels

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12
Q

loose connective tissue is the

A

least speciliased connective tissue

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13
Q

loose connective tissue function

A

Holds vessels that supply fluids e.g. capillaries

Permits cell migration

Involved in inflammation pathways

Located in sites where pathogens may breach epithelial surface

Allows challenge and destruction by cells of the immune system

Acts as packaging around organs

Generally holds everything in place

Cushions and stabilises organs

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14
Q

structure of loose connective tissue

A

Contains multiple cell types

Contains 2 main fibres

  • Collagen
  • Elastin

Gel- like Ground substance

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

fibres in loose connective tissue

A

Collagen- Flexible with high tensile strength

Elastin- Stretch and recoil

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17
Q

name the cells found in loose connective tissue

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Maxcrophage/ histocytes
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
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18
Q

fibroblastsw

A

secrete fibres that lie within ground susbtance (ECM)

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19
Q

fibroblasts important for

A

Important in wound healing process

Responsible for scar formation

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20
Q

myofibroblasts

A

are fibroblasts that contain actin and myosin

Responsible for wound contraction when tissue loss has occurred

Have a lot of RER- to make collagen fibres

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21
Q

Macrophages are derived from

A

monocytes in the blood

  • move throguh the gela nd find bacteria
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22
Q

what do amcrophages do

A

Phagocytose foreign material

Degrade foreign organisms and cell debris

Professional antigen presenting cells

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23
Q

mast cells are a type of

A

histocyte

  • Contain abundant granules
    • Histamine- increase blood vessel permeability
    • Heparin- anticoagulant
    • Cytokines- attracts eosinophils and neutrophils
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24
Q

mast cells ebcome coated with

A

IgE- bidn to allergens

  • When allergen cross links these surface bound IgE molecule, the contents of the granules are all rapidly released front the cell
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25
adipoctes are
fat cells
26
types of adipocytes
white and brown
27
structure of white adipocytes
* unilocular- **single neromous lipid droplet** * nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles all squeezed to one side of the cells
28
unilocular
one single enromous lipid droplet
29
function of white adipose tissue
padding and shock absorber insulation energy reserve
30
31
brown fat tissue structure
* Multilocular- mutliple small lipids droplets * nucleus and cytoplasm sques to the centre of the cell * lots of mitochdonria *
32
brown adipose mostly found in...... only a little in....
* Neonates * adults
33
function of brown fat
provides insulationa nd energy reserve to neonates - contains uncoupling proteins UCP - reduces the proton gradient created int eh mitochiodnria - less energy released as ATP - more released as heat energy
34
35
give a name of a GAG found in ground susbtance
hyaluronic acid
36
collagen
flexible with high tensile strength Looks thicker than elastin on photo
37
elastin
recoil after stretch or distnesion
38
reticulin
(absent in areolar tissue)- supporting framework
39
how many types of collagen
5
40
41
type 1 collagen
* most widley distributed type * **fibrils aggrgeate into fibres and fibre bundles** * e.g. tendons, ligaments and dermis
42
type II collagen
* Fibrils do not form fibres * E.g hyalien and elastic cartilage
43
type III collagen also known as reticular
- fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells and within lympathic tissues and lympahtic organs and tendons
44
Type IV collagen
unique form present in basement membrane (considered part of epithelial tissue)
45
type V collagen
skin and placenta
46
elastic fibres
elastin and fibrillin
47
two types of dense (fibrous) connective tissue
irregular regular
48
Dense irregular conenctive tissue
Collagen 1 fibres in all directions- resists stresses in all directions e. g. skin can resists forces in multiple direction to rpevent tearing - elastic fibres allow streatch and restoration of shape
49
Dense Regular Connective Tissue -
Collagen 1 fibres are parallel – resists stress in one direction
50
comparision of irregular and regular dense connective tissue
51
examples of irregular dense
deep laye rof the dermis submucosa of intestine
52
examples of regular dense CT
tendons ligaments aponeuroses
53
tendons
fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension
54
what sort fo junction joins muscles to bone
myotendinous junction ## Footnote Skeletal muscle fibres connecting with tendon collagen bundles Provides tremendous physiological strength- cross links between
55
tendon structure - 30% collagen - 2% elastin - 68% water
- dense (fibrous) regular CT -
56
whioch collagens found in tendons
70% type 1 30% type 2
57
ligaments
connect bone to bone
58
ligaments structure
Similar to tendons Collagen bundles are densely packed in parallel arrangement Parallel collagen fibres Not straight, but undulate Wrapped in loose connective tissue- fascicles
59
fascia
is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs
60
3 types of fascia
1) superfical 2) deep 3) visceral
61
structure of fascia
Made up of fibrous connective tissue , like ligaments and tendons, containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibres oriented in a wavy pattern parallel to direction of pull. Flexible Resist great unidirectional tension Collagen fibres produced by fibroblasts located within the fascia
62
production of fibrils
1. Fibroblasts secrete procollagen that is converted to collagen molecules outside the cell 2. Collagen molecules aggregate to form collagen fibril 3. Vitamin C is required for the intracellular production of procollagen 4. Hydroxylates proline and lysine 5. Without Vit C- collagen formation is disrupted
63
when is elastin laid down
During fetal development: not replaced in the adult Main cause of damage of elastin: UV and smoking E.g. smoking damages lung tissue * Decreases elasticity of the alveoli
64
what create eleastins
smooth muscle cells
65
exampels of where eleastin fibres are prominant
* Artery walls * aortic walls * tunica media of the aorta * demris
66
name 3 clinical correlates for CT
1. scurvy 2. marfans 3. osteogensis imperfecta
67
68
scurvy
Thin collagen fibres aggregate to form thicker collagen fibres Vitamin C deficiency Poor wound healing Impaired bone formation Gum disease Bruising of the skin Bleeding
69
in Marfans which dibril is affection
-Expression of fibrillin 1 gene affected- such as elastin tissue is abnormal AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
70
Signs of Marfans
Abnormally tall Exhibit arachnodactlyl- slender and long fingers Frequent join dislocation Span longer than height Risk of aortic rupture
71
osteogneeiss imperfecta due to
mutated collagen fibres which do not ‘knit together’ or not enough is produced or both
72
osteognesisi imperfecta
Autosomal dominant Mild to severe Due to mutated collagen fibres which do not ‘knit together’ or not enough is produced or both
73
Signs of osteogensis imperfecta
Weakened bones Short stature Presence of blue sclera (in the eye) Hearing loss Hyper mobility (loose joins) and flat or arched feet Poor teeth development

Body logistics (39 decks)

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