Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Body logistics > L6- Endocrine glands > Flashcards

L6- Endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

examples of endocrine tissue

A 
Endocrine tissues
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal
Thyroid
Pineal
Tested
Ovaries
Adrenal cortex
Thymus
Parathyroid glands
Kidney
Small intestine
Heart
Liver
Stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gondotropin (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
  • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

thyroid gland found

A

anterior to the trachea (two lobes- butterfly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thyroid gland produces

A
  • Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

parathyroid gland found

A

on the dorsal (back) of the thyroid gland

- 4 glands- 2 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

parathyroid gland produces

A

parathyroid hormones

- calcium homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

adrenal glands found

A

top of each kdiney- 2 section
- medulla is inner
and 2 cortex surround meduall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the cortex produced

A

corticosteroids
oestorge
progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name 2 corticosteroid

A

glucosteroids

mineralcorticoilds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pancreas has both

A

exocrine and endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

digestive enzymes e.g. amylase and trysin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

glucagon and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of hormones

A
  • peptide
  • steroid
  • amino acid derived
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

peptide

A
  • dissolved in plasma , receptors present on memerbanes

- activate second messenger system nd may activate genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

steroid

A

o Bound to carrier proteins, with receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
o Activates gene transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of steroid

A 
	Oestrogen
	Androgens
	Aldosterone
	Progesterone
	cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amino acid derived hormones

A

catecholamines

thyroid hormoens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

catecholamines

A

 Dissolved in plasma and receptor on cell membrane
 Activation of second messenger systems
• Adrenaline
• noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

thyroid hormones

A

 Bound to carrier- receptors in nucleus for gene transcription and translation
 T4/T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where does the hypothalamus sit

A

above the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

role of hypothalamus

A 
-	Central to homeostasis
o	Thermoregulation, panting, sweating, shivering
o	Plasma osmolality via osmoreceptors
o	Heart rate, BP
o	Feeding and satiety
o	Regulates GI
o	Circadian rhythms, sleep
o	Stimuli from autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
o	Emotion, sexual behaviour and mood
o	Lactation (prolactin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypothalamus produces

A

ADH and oxytocin- travels to postural pituitary through nerves

6 hormones travel via the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system (blood) to the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
pituitary gland also called
hypophysis
26
if pituitary gland develops a timour
then it will press against the optic nerve which will blur your vision or give you seizures.
27
pituitary gland devided into two lobes
anterior | posterior
28
anterior pituitary
nerves
29
posterior pituitary
hormonal
30
hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system
The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.
31
portal system vs circulatory route
portal circulatory systems differ from he typical circulatory route in that the blood passes through two sets of smaller vessels before returning to the heart. Blood from he first set of capillaries collects in portal vessels which then begin to brand against o supply a capillary network to a second location before entering a series of veins which lead to the heart
32
Posterior hypothalamic control:
direct release of hormones (indirect control through release of regulatory hormones)
33
Anterior hypothalamic control:
direct control by nervous system (indirect control through release of regulatory hormones)
34
development of endocrine system begins at
between 5 to 16 weeks gestation 1. pituitary 2. thyrid 3. parathyroid 4. pancreas 5. adrenals
35
thyroids left and right lobe connected by
narrow isthmus
36
a normal thyroid cannot be
easily palpated on physical examination
37
what stimulates t3 and T4 release from he thyroid
TSH from the a. pituitary (neg feedback loop)
38
hyperthyroidism
high T3 or T4 e.g. Graves
39
hypothyroidism
low T3 or T4 e.g. Hashimotos
40
Hashimotos
o Hypothyroidism | o High TSH- however produce autoantibodies against enzymes which make T3/T4
41
graves
o TSH low o T4 and T3 high o Anti-TSH autoantibodies and TSI o TSH levels are due to a negative feedback loop
42
where are parathyroid gland found
4 found on the thyroid (on the back)
43
role of parathyroid
1. Constantly monitors plasma calcium concentration 2. When calcium is low  parathyroid release parathyroid hormone (PTH) 3. PTH causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb from the GI tract 4. Classical negative feedback loop.
44
parathyroid disease
(over production of PTH leading to high blood calcium) causes symptoms of the brain, muscles and bones  Confusion  Muscular effect  Bone- thicker don’t function well
45
adrenal glands left and right
not identical structures
46
adrenal medulla
Found in middle of the gland - Adrenaline - Noradrenaline - Dopamine
47
adrenal medulla made up of
chromaffin cells
48
chromaffin cells
- Modified neurones (myelinated, presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to the chromaffin cells) - When nervous impulses reach the catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells they release secretory product. Chromaffin cells= post synaptic neurones
49
adrenal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
50
3 layers of adrenal cortex
1) Outer- zona golmerulosa a. Aldosterone- BP 2) Middle- zona fasciulata a. Glucocorticoids (cortisol- fight or flight) mobilises fat, proteins and CHOs) 3) Inner- Zonal reticularis a. Androgen precursors e.g. androstenedione
51
main purpose of adoral cortex
Stress response (fight or flight)
52
the stress response
‘ a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis’
53
activation of the stress response
Activation of the stress response initiates behaviour and physiological changes that improve an individual’s chance of survival when faced with homeostatic challenges
54
behavioural stress response
- Increased awareness - Improved cognition - Euphoria - Enhanced analgesia
55
physiological adaptations to stress response
- Increased cardiovascular tone - Increased respiratory rate - Increased intermediate metabolism
56
stress response cause a decrease in
vegetative functions such as feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction, and immunity.
57
which hormones control the stress response
Controlled by: cortical hormones (produced by adrenal cortex) - Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
58
flight or flight response
- Increase BP - Increase blood glucose - Shutting down non-emergency services (digestion)
59
where are the principle effectors of the stress response located
the hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary and the adrenal gland
60
outline how the hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary and adrenal gland
1. The hypothalamus release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) 2. CRH acts on corticotrophs in the A.pituitary 3. A.pitutiary releases ACTH 4. ACTH binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex 5. Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids etc
61
anatomical position of the spleen
- Tip touches the spleen
62
exocrine tissue in the pancreas
acinar glands
63
endocrine tissue of the pancreas
islets of langerhans
64
tissues in the pancreas are held together in
lobules | - lobe in mobile held together by connective tissue
65
granules in lobes of pancreas release
zymogen granules which passes out through the pancreatic ducts to the bile duct
66
endocrine tissue in the pancreas is
paler than the rest of the pancreatic tissue
67
alpha cells
glucagon
68
beta cells
insulin
69
minor cells in the endocrine tissue of pancreas
delta PP D-1 EC
70
name some enzymes released by the acini cells of the pancreas
- Trypsinogen (converted to trypsin) - Chymotrysingoen (chymotrypsin) - Lipase - Amylase
71
delta cells
somatostatin | o Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
72
PP cell
Pancreatic polypeptide | o Inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion
73
D-1 cell
vasoactive intestinal peptide | o Similar to glucagon, stimulates gut motilin
74
EC cell
o Secretin – bicarbonate production o Motilin- gastric motility o Substance P- analgesia
75
E cell
ghrelin- increase hunger
76
G cell
gastrin- stimulates HCL production by the stomach

Body logistics (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions