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Body logistics > L6- Endocrine glands > Flashcards

L6- Endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

examples of endocrine tissue

A 
Endocrine tissues
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal
Thyroid
Pineal
Tested
Ovaries
Adrenal cortex
Thymus
Parathyroid glands
Kidney
Small intestine
Heart
Liver
Stomach
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2
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gondotropin (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
  • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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3
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

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4
Q

thyroid gland found

A

anterior to the trachea (two lobes- butterfly)

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5
Q

thyroid gland produces

A
  • Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
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6
Q

parathyroid gland found

A

on the dorsal (back) of the thyroid gland

- 4 glands- 2 pairs

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7
Q

parathyroid gland produces

A

parathyroid hormones

- calcium homeostasis

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8
Q

adrenal glands found

A

top of each kdiney- 2 section
- medulla is inner
and 2 cortex surround meduall

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9
Q

what does the cortex produced

A

corticosteroids
oestorge
progesterone

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10
Q

name 2 corticosteroid

A

glucosteroids

mineralcorticoilds

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11
Q

pancreas has both

A

exocrine and endocrine function

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12
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

digestive enzymes e.g. amylase and trysin

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13
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

glucagon and insulin

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14
Q

types of hormones

A
  • peptide
  • steroid
  • amino acid derived
  • hormones
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15
Q

peptide

A
  • dissolved in plasma , receptors present on memerbanes

- activate second messenger system nd may activate genes

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16
Q

examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin
glucagon
prolactin

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17
Q

steroid

A

o Bound to carrier proteins, with receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
o Activates gene transcription and translation

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18
Q

examples of steroid

A 
	Oestrogen
	Androgens
	Aldosterone
	Progesterone
	cortisol
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19
Q

Amino acid derived hormones

A

catecholamines

thyroid hormoens

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20
Q

catecholamines

A

 Dissolved in plasma and receptor on cell membrane
 Activation of second messenger systems
• Adrenaline
• noradrenaline

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21
Q

thyroid hormones

A

 Bound to carrier- receptors in nucleus for gene transcription and translation
 T4/T3

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22
Q

where does the hypothalamus sit

A

above the pituitary

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23
Q

role of hypothalamus

A 
-	Central to homeostasis
o	Thermoregulation, panting, sweating, shivering
o	Plasma osmolality via osmoreceptors
o	Heart rate, BP
o	Feeding and satiety
o	Regulates GI
o	Circadian rhythms, sleep
o	Stimuli from autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
o	Emotion, sexual behaviour and mood
o	Lactation (prolactin)
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24
Q

hypothalamus produces

A

ADH and oxytocin- travels to postural pituitary through nerves

6 hormones travel via the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system (blood) to the anterior pituitary

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25
Q

pituitary gland also called

A

hypophysis

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26
Q

if pituitary gland develops a timour

A

then it will press against the optic nerve which will blur your vision or give you seizures.

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27
Q

pituitary gland devided into two lobes

A

anterior

posterior

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28
Q

anterior pituitary

A

nerves

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29
Q

posterior pituitary

A

hormonal

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30
Q

hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system

A

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.

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31
Q

portal system vs circulatory route

A

portal circulatory systems differ from he typical circulatory route in that the blood passes through two sets of smaller vessels before returning to the heart.

Blood from he first set of capillaries collects in portal vessels which then begin to brand against o supply a capillary network to a second location before entering a series of veins which lead to the heart

32
Q

Posterior hypothalamic control:

A

direct release of hormones (indirect control through release of regulatory hormones)

33
Q

Anterior hypothalamic control:

A

direct control by nervous system (indirect control through release of regulatory hormones)

34
Q

development of endocrine system begins at

A

between 5 to 16 weeks gestation

  1. pituitary
  2. thyrid
  3. parathyroid
  4. pancreas
  5. adrenals
35
Q

thyroids left and right lobe connected by

A

narrow isthmus

36
Q

a normal thyroid cannot be

A

easily palpated on physical examination

37
Q

what stimulates t3 and T4 release from he thyroid

A

TSH from the a. pituitary (neg feedback loop)

38
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

high T3 or T4 e.g. Graves

39
Q

hypothyroidism

A

low T3 or T4 e.g. Hashimotos

40
Q

Hashimotos

A

o Hypothyroidism

o High TSH- however produce autoantibodies against enzymes which make T3/T4

41
Q

graves

A

o TSH low
o T4 and T3 high
o Anti-TSH autoantibodies and TSI
o TSH levels are due to a negative feedback loop

42
Q

where are parathyroid gland found

A

4 found on the thyroid (on the back)

43
Q

role of parathyroid

A
  1. Constantly monitors plasma calcium concentration
  2. When calcium is low  parathyroid release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  3. PTH causes the bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb from the GI tract
  4. Classical negative feedback loop.
44
Q

parathyroid disease

A

(over production of PTH leading to high blood calcium) causes symptoms of the brain, muscles and bones
 Confusion
 Muscular effect
 Bone- thicker don’t function well

45
Q

adrenal glands left and right

A

not identical structures

46
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Found in middle of the gland

  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
  • Dopamine
47
Q

adrenal medulla made up of

A

chromaffin cells

48
Q

chromaffin cells

A
  • Modified neurones (myelinated, presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to the chromaffin cells)
  • When nervous impulses reach the catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells they release secretory product.
    Chromaffin cells= post synaptic neurones
49
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer layer of the kidney

50
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

1) Outer- zona golmerulosa
a. Aldosterone- BP
2) Middle- zona fasciulata
a. Glucocorticoids (cortisol- fight or flight) mobilises fat, proteins and CHOs)
3) Inner- Zonal reticularis
a. Androgen precursors e.g. androstenedione

51
Q

main purpose of adoral cortex

A

Stress response (fight or flight)

52
Q

the stress response

A

‘ a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis’

53
Q

activation of the stress response

A

Activation of the stress response initiates behaviour and physiological changes that improve an individual’s chance of survival when faced with homeostatic challenges

54
Q

behavioural stress response

A
  • Increased awareness
  • Improved cognition
  • Euphoria
  • Enhanced analgesia
55
Q

physiological adaptations to stress response

A
  • Increased cardiovascular tone
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased intermediate metabolism
56
Q

stress response cause a decrease in

A

vegetative functions such as feeding, digestion, growth, reproduction, and immunity.

57
Q

which hormones control the stress response

A

Controlled by: cortical hormones (produced by adrenal cortex)

  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
58
Q

flight or flight response

A
  • Increase BP
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Shutting down non-emergency services (digestion)
59
Q

where are the principle effectors of the stress response located

A

the hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary and the adrenal gland

60
Q

outline how the hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary and adrenal gland

A
  1. The hypothalamus release corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. CRH acts on corticotrophs in the A.pituitary
  3. A.pitutiary releases ACTH
  4. ACTH binds to receptors on the adrenal cortex
  5. Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids etc
61
Q

anatomical position of the spleen

A
  • Tip touches the spleen
62
Q

exocrine tissue in the pancreas

A

acinar glands

63
Q

endocrine tissue of the pancreas

A

islets of langerhans

64
Q

tissues in the pancreas are held together in

A

lobules

- lobe in mobile held together by connective tissue

65
Q

granules in lobes of pancreas release

A

zymogen granules which passes out through the pancreatic ducts to the bile duct

66
Q

endocrine tissue in the pancreas is

A

paler than the rest of the pancreatic tissue

67
Q

alpha cells

68
Q

beta cells

69
Q

minor cells in the endocrine tissue of pancreas

A

delta
PP
D-1
EC

70
Q

name some enzymes released by the acini cells of the pancreas

A
  • Trypsinogen (converted to trypsin)
  • Chymotrysingoen (chymotrypsin)
  • Lipase
  • Amylase
71
Q

delta cells

A

somatostatin

o Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

72
Q

PP cell

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

o Inhibits bile, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion

73
Q

D-1 cell

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

o Similar to glucagon, stimulates gut motilin

74
Q

EC cell

A

o Secretin – bicarbonate production
o Motilin- gastric motility
o Substance P- analgesia

75
Q

E cell

A

ghrelin- increase hunger

76
Q

G cell

A

gastrin- stimulates HCL production by the stomach

Body logistics (39 decks)

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