Clinical Conditions: Bone, Lymphatic and Nervous System

Question 1

osteoarthritis

Answer 1

a degenerative disease which leads to mechanical failure of articular cartilage.

• leads to bone rubbing against bone
• pain and inflammation

Question 2

who is affected by OA

Answer 2

Most people over 60 have it to some degree.

Younger people with it tend to have had joint injury

Question 3

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 3

autoimmune disease where B lymphocytes produce rheumatoid factor

Question 4

rheumatoid arthritis causes

Answer 4

inflammation of the synovium and causes consequent thickening oft he joint capsule- damages bone and articular cartilage surrounding it
- both bone and cartilage disintegrates

Question 5

who is affected by RI

Answer 5

those between 30 to 50 most common

Question 6

osteogenesis inperfecta caused by

Answer 6

mutation in COL1A gene

Question 7

osteogenesis inperfecta leads to

Answer 7

incorrect production of collagen fibres

Question 8

incorrect production of collagen fibres leads to

Answer 8

weak bones (increased fracture risk)

short height

blue sclera (white of the eye)

Question 9

who is affected by osteogenesis inperfecta

Answer 9

neonates/children

Question 10

rickets caused by

Answer 10

vitamin D deficiency

Question 11

rickets leads to

Answer 11

poor calcium mobilisation- weekend/soft bones

• ineffective mineralisation
• bowed legs

Question 12

rickets affects

Answer 12

children

Question 13

osteomalacia caused by

Answer 13

vitamin D deficiency

Question 14

osteomalacia leads to

Answer 14

poor calcium mobilisation- weekend/soft bones

- ineffective mineralisation

Question 15

osteomalacia affects

Answer 15

children

Question 16

difference between osteomalacia and rickets

Answer 16

rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

Question 17

osteoporosis type 1

Answer 17

Increase in osteoclast number

Loss of oestrogen after menopasue

Question 18

osteoporosis type 2

Answer 18

Loss of osteoblast function

Loss of oestrogen and androgen

Question 19

osteoporosis leads to

Answer 19

larger spaces between trabeculae giving a porous appearance

Question 20

osteoporosis type 1 affects

Answer 20

postmenopausal women

Question 21

osteoporosis type 2 affects

Answer 21

older men and women

Question 22

secondary osteoporosis caused by

Answer 22

drug therapy

metabolic bone diseases

malnutrition

Question 23

secondary osteoporosis leads to

Answer 23

larger spaces between trabeculae living a porous appearance

-results from incomplete filling of osteoclast respiration pays

Question 24

secondary osteoporosis affects

Answer 24

older men and women

Question 25

risk factors of secondary osteoporosis

Answer 25

``` age post menopause genetic dietary calcium insucffieicent physical inactivity cigarette smoking ```

Question 26

achondroplasia cause

Answer 26

inherited mutation inf FGF3 receptor gene

Question 27

achondroplasia FGF3 receptor mutation

Answer 27

inhibits collagen formation from cartilage | - long bones cannot lengthen properly

Question 28

signs of achondroplasia

Answer 28

short stature- normal head and torso

Question 29

lymphadenopathy

Answer 29

enlarged lymph nodes e.g. when fighting infection

Question 30

lymphadenopathy leads to

Answer 30

considerable pain

Question 31

lymphoma often presents

Answer 31

with lymphadenopathy

Question 32

primary lymphedema

Answer 32

individual has some form of lymphatic system failure from birth - genetic mutation

Question 33

secondary lymphedema

Answer 33

individuals lymphatic system has been damaged e.g. by surgery or trauma - causes swelling of peripheral limbs

Question 34

multiple sclerosis cause

Answer 34

autoimmune degradation of myeline

Question 35

MS leads to

Answer 35

- loss of conduction velocity - fatigue - vision problems - slurred speech - mobility issues - numbness and tingling sensation