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Body logistics > L19- Skin > Flashcards

L19- Skin Flashcards

1
Q

three main layers of the skin

A

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

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2
Q

layers of the epidermis from outer layer inwards

A

Cats Gather Suspciously Boldly

  • stratum corneum
  • stratum granulosum
  • st. spinosum
  • st. basale
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3
Q

what structures are found in the dermis

A

hair follicles

arrector pili muscle

sweat glands

sebaceous gland

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4
Q

what type of tissue is the dermis

A

irregular dense connective tissue

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5
Q

thickness of hypodermis varies in

A

ifferent regions of the body and can vary considerably between different people

Thickness plays an important role in distinguishing between males and females

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6
Q

hypodermis in men

A

hypodermis is thickest in the abdomen and shoulders

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7
Q

hypodermis in women

A

thickest in the hips, thighs, and buttocks

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8
Q

hypodermis is the

A

lowest layer of the skin

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9
Q

hypodermis also known as

A

subcutaneous layer

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10
Q

structure of hypodermis

A
  • Mainly contains adipose tissue

• Loose connective tissue – fibroblasts/ macrophages/fibres

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11
Q

function of hypodermis

A
  • energy store- generates heat
  • insulator for udnelryign muscl eheat gen
  • shock absorber
  • conencts skin to underlying muscle and bone
  • makes hormones
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12
Q

dermis located

A

between epidermis and hypodermis

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

structure of dermis

A

Three layers
• Papillary - upper

  • Reticular - lower
  • Dermal papillae – interdigitating
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15
Q

dermis shows…

A

vairbale thickness

0.6 mm on eyelid; 3 mm on hands/feet

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16
Q

function of dermis

A

• Contains hairs and sweat glands - thermoregulation • Contains sensory structures – special senses - touch • Gives structure to skin and so body shape

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17
Q

epidermis location

A

Outermost layer made of epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

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18
Q

structure of epidermis

A
  • Four layers of cells (thin skin)
  • Five layers (thick skin)
  • Held together (laterally) by adherens junctions • Some terminal nerve endings
  • NO blood vessels
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19
Q

function of epdiermis

A
  • Prevents water loss
  • Prevents entry to bacteria and parasites
  • Special cells that present pathogens to immune cells • Synthesis of keratin
  • Prevents underlying tissue loss due to abrasion
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20
Q

stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer made of squames (dead keratinocytes)

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21
Q

stratum corenum on paalms and soles of feet

A

thickest- prone to injury- continously shed

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22
Q

strautum lucidum is

A

transparent

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23
Q

where is stratum lucidum found

A

palms and soles

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24
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • lamellar granules
  • tonofibrils
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25
lamellar granules
filament-associated proteins that assemble keratin fibrils and secrete it
26
tonofibrils
bundles of keratin filaments and keratohyalin granules- made by lamellar bodies
27
stratum spinosum
3 layers of cubodial epithelium (held together by desmosomes) - producers of lamellar bodies - first time golgi apparatus appears
28
lamellar bodies
keratin factories
29
stratum basale
Tall columnar epithelial cells Constantly renew keratinocytes by cell division As daughter cells differentiate they move away from the epidermis-dermis junction These make keratin filaments (tonofilaments) They lose their ability to divide Also home to the melanocytes – produce melanin
30
ketatinocytes synthesise
keratins that cotnribute to the strength of the epidermis (keratin- main constituents of hair and nail, and animal horns)
31
normla transit tiem of keratinocytes from basale to stratum conreum
28-40 days
32
in psoriasis
transit time is reduced, such that stratum corneum is produced in abundance as silvery scales every 2-3 days
33
hyperkeratosis
too much keratin put on the surface of skin (especially on the hands and feet)
34
main cell found in epidermis
keratinocyte
35
other cells in epidermis
melanocytes langerhans merkel cells
36
how many melanocytes in epidermis
1:8 of basal layer of epidermis
37
melanocytes function
produce melanin, the main pigment that gives the skin its colour
38
langerhans function
highly specialised capacity to present antigens to T lymphocytes mediate immune reactions e.g. in allergic contact dermatiti
39
merkel cells
mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings.
40
merkel cells acoount for approx ....... cells in the epidermis
6-10%
41
four main types of skin
1. hairy 2. non-hairy 3. Thin 4. Thick
42
hairy skin tends to be
thin skin
43
non hairy skin tends to be
thick skin
44
expection to the hairy/non-hairy/thin/ thick skin rule
the lips, back of the ear, some areas of the external genitalia
45
location of nonhairy (thick) skin
* Palmar surface of hand * Plantar surface of the foot * Area between fingers and toes (webs)
46
structure of non hairy thick skin
NO hair, arrector pili muscles, no sebaceous glands • Thicker strata corneum • Thinner dermis • Increased density of mechanoreceptors
47
function of non- hairy thick skin
* Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion * Increased friction between skin and surfaces • Increased sensation
48
skin can be classified based on its reaction to ultrabioloit radiation
49
differences between thick (non-hairy) and thin (hairy skin)
50
thick skin has deep
Rete ridges and extended dermal papillae
51
thin (non-hairy) skin has less
keratin (stratum corneum narrower) and fewer dermal papillae
52
skin appendages
skin associated sturctures that serve a particular function
53
name some skin appendages
hairs arrector pili sebaceous glands sweat glands nails
54
how many types of ahirs
3
55
name the 3 types of hair
1. langugo 2. vellus 3. terminal
56
lanugo
covers the developing fetus (sometimes seen at birth)
57
vellus
replaces lanugo • Short,thin,lightcolouredandsoft(not connected to sebaceous gland)
58
terminal
head (scalp and eyebrows, nasal passage), axillae, external genital region • Long, wide, dark coloured and coarse
59
how is terminal hair produced
• Produced by the actions of testosterone
60
hair function (4)
thermoregulation sexual attraction sensation protection
61
hair lays flat when
body temperature is within normal range or elevated
62
hair stands erect when
body temperature is lower than normal range
63
how do hairs stand erect
Arrector pili muscle contracts when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
64
hair and sexual attraction
* Hair style can be alluring! * Apocrine sweat glands secrete oils (**pheromones**) that attract the opposite sex * Hairs trap these oils and accentuate their pungency
65
hair and sensation
Hairs have sensory nerve endings within the bulb: Air movement, physical interaction, vibrations transmitted to the bulb sensed and
66
hair and protection
* Eyelashes and nasal hair prevent dust and pathogens from entering the body * Eyebrows reduce the amount of light and sweat from entering the eyes
67
arrector pili muscle consist of
smooth muscle fibres attached to papillary region of the dermis (origin) and hair bulb (insertion)
68
arrector pili muscle may also induce
sebum release from sebaceous gland
69
name 7 mechanoreceptors in the skin
end bulb free nerve endings tactile discs meissner corpuscle pacinina corpusle rufinnis corpuslce root hair plexus
70
end bulbs
thermoreceptors
71
free nerve endings
have nociceptors- register pain
72
tactile disc
senses touch, pressure and texture (Merkel in non-hairy skin); Meissner in hairy skin)
73
meissner corpuscle
tapping and flicker movements detected
74
pacinian corpuscle
vibration
75
ruffinis corpuscle
joint movements and tissue stretch
76
root hair plexus
vibrations in the hair shaft
77
location of nails
distal surfaces of phalanges (fingers and toes)
78
structure of nails
Consists solely of alpha keratin
79
gross structure of nail

Body logistics (39 decks)

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