Clinical Conditions: Homeostasis, Epithelia and Skin

Question 1

Oedema

Answer 1

an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissue

Question 2

what causes oedema

Answer 2

• raised hydrostatic pressure in capillary
• decreased oncotic pressure in capillary
• increased oncotic pressure in interstitial
• impaired lymphatic drainage

Question 3

raised hydrostatic pressure in capillary causes

Answer 3

e.g. congestion (heart failure)

Question 4

decreased oncotic pressure in capillary causes

Answer 4

liver disease (low albumin)

Question 5

increased oncotic pressure in interstitial causes

Answer 5

increased vascular permeability in inflammation

- plasma proteins such as albumin can leak through fenestrations

Question 6

impaired lymphatic drainage causes

Answer 6

lymphedema

Question 7

oedema in the brain (cerebral oedema)

Answer 7

Caused by hyponatremia: if sodium levels in the bloodstream are too low, water will leave the blood and enter cells, causing them to swell.
- coma and death

Question 8

Cystic fibrosis is due to

Answer 8

absence of CFTR ion channel in apical membranes of epithelial cells

Question 9

absence of CFTR compromises movement of ….. out of the cell meaning ….. also doesn’t move out via osmosis

Answer 9

chloride

water

Question 10

CF affects which organs

Answer 10

• airways
• liver
• pancreas
• s.intestine
• reproductive tracts
• skin

Question 11

CF and lungs

Answer 11

respiratory tracts obstructed by sticky mucus- damages lungs and major cause of mortality

Question 12

CF and liver

Answer 12

blocks small bile duct- disrupting digestion

Question 13

CF and pancreas

Answer 13

zymogen secretions not released

Question 14

CF and s.intestine

Answer 14

thick non-motile stools- requires surgery

Question 15

CF and reproductive tract

Answer 15

Vas deferens obstructed renders most men infertile

Mucous plug can form in cervix to

Question 16

CF and skin

Answer 16

malfunctioning sweat glands and salty sweat (crystals form)

Question 17

what type of disease is Psoriasis

Answer 17

autoimmune

Question 18

psoriasis causes

Answer 18

keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of cells

• red, flaky skin covered with silver scales
• occurs on elbows, knees, scalp etc

Question 19

psoriasis triggered by

Answer 19

• injury
• alcohol and smoking
• stress
• hormonal chainges

Question 20

malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can

Answer 20

metastasise to other organs

Question 21

what causes malignant melanoma

Answer 21

exposure to UV

Question 22

sign of malignant melanoma

Answer 22

• new mole

- change in existing mole (black to red in colour)

Question 23

types of malignant melanoma

Answer 23

nodular and lentigo

Question 24

nodular malignant melanoma

Answer 24

appear as a changing lump- red to black

Question 25

lentigo malignant melanoma

Answer 25

flat and develop sideways across survive layers of skin

Question 26

those at risk of malignant melanoma

Answer 26

- lots of moles or freckles - pale skin - ginger/ blonde - family history

Question 27

cause of non-segmental vitaligo

Answer 27

autoimmune condition where T cells attack healthy melanocytes - associated with hyperthryoidism

Question 28

cause of segmental vitaligo

Answer 28

please if neuropeptide Y at nerve endings which increase ROS in interstitial space, causing melanocytes to auto lye - more common in children

Question 29

vitiligo leads to

Answer 29

white patches develop that lack melanin | - pale areas= more vulnerable to sunburn

Question 30

those at risk of vitaligo

Answer 30

- family history - having another autoimmune condition - cancer of lymphatic system

Question 31

alopecia areata

Answer 31

spot baldness

Question 32

cause of alopecia areata

Answer 32

systematic autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own anlagen (actively growing hair`) hair follicles and suppresses or strops hair growth

Question 33

signs of alopecia areata

Answer 33

hair is lost from some or all areas of the body

Question 34

alopecia more common in

Answer 34

those with affected family members