Clinical Conditions: Homeostasis, Epithelia and Skin Flashcards
Oedema
an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in tissue
what causes oedema
- raised hydrostatic pressure in capillary
- decreased oncotic pressure in capillary
- increased oncotic pressure in interstitial
- impaired lymphatic drainage
raised hydrostatic pressure in capillary causes
e.g. congestion (heart failure)
decreased oncotic pressure in capillary causes
liver disease (low albumin)
increased oncotic pressure in interstitial causes
increased vascular permeability in inflammation
- plasma proteins such as albumin can leak through fenestrations
impaired lymphatic drainage causes
lymphedema
oedema in the brain (cerebral oedema)
Caused by hyponatremia: if sodium levels in the bloodstream are too low, water will leave the blood and enter cells, causing them to swell.
- coma and death
Cystic fibrosis is due to
absence of CFTR ion channel in apical membranes of epithelial cells
absence of CFTR compromises movement of ….. out of the cell meaning ….. also doesn’t move out via osmosis
chloride
water
CF affects which organs
- airways
- liver
- pancreas
- s.intestine
- reproductive tracts
- skin
CF and lungs
respiratory tracts obstructed by sticky mucus- damages lungs and major cause of mortality
CF and liver
blocks small bile duct- disrupting digestion
CF and pancreas
zymogen secretions not released
CF and s.intestine
thick non-motile stools- requires surgery
CF and reproductive tract
Vas deferens obstructed renders most men infertile
Mucous plug can form in cervix to
CF and skin
malfunctioning sweat glands and salty sweat (crystals form)
what type of disease is Psoriasis
autoimmune
psoriasis causes
keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of cells
- red, flaky skin covered with silver scales
- occurs on elbows, knees, scalp etc
psoriasis triggered by
- injury
- alcohol and smoking
- stress
- hormonal chainges
malignant melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can
metastasise to other organs
what causes malignant melanoma
exposure to UV
sign of malignant melanoma
- new mole
- change in existing mole (black to red in colour)
types of malignant melanoma
nodular and lentigo
nodular malignant melanoma
appear as a changing lump- red to black
lentigo malignant melanoma
flat and develop sideways across survive layers of skin
those at risk of malignant melanoma
- lots of moles or freckles
- pale skin
- ginger/ blonde
- family history
cause of non-segmental vitaligo
autoimmune condition where T cells attack healthy melanocytes
- associated with hyperthryoidism
cause of segmental vitaligo
please if neuropeptide Y at nerve endings which increase ROS in interstitial space, causing melanocytes to auto lye
- more common in children
vitiligo leads to
white patches develop that lack melanin
- pale areas= more vulnerable to sunburn
those at risk of vitaligo
- family history
- having another autoimmune condition
- cancer of lymphatic system
alopecia areata
spot baldness
cause of alopecia areata
systematic autoimmune disorder in which the body attacks its own anlagen (actively growing hair`) hair follicles and suppresses or strops hair growth
signs of alopecia areata
hair is lost from some or all areas of the body
alopecia more common in
those with affected family members
