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Body logistics > L4- Cell specialisations > Flashcards

L4- Cell specialisations Flashcards

1
Q

mucous membrane

A

Line certain internal tubes which open to the exterior:

  • GI tract
  • Respiratory
  • Urinary tact
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2
Q

mucus membranes have varying degrees of

A

mucus-secreting cells

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3
Q

mucous membranes consist of

A
  • An epithelium lining the lumen of a tube
  • An adjacent layer of connective tissue – lamina propria
  • A third layer consisting of smooth muscle cells (circular and longitudinal)- muscularis mucosae
  • Also carries blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
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4
Q

serous membranes

A

Thin, two-part membranes which line some closed body cavities (spaces not open to the exterior) and envelop the viscera.

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5
Q

serous membranes line the (3)

A
  • The peritoneum- envelops abdominal organs
  • The pleural sac- envelops the lungs
  • The pericardial sac- which envelops the heart
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6
Q

serous membranes secrete

A

a lubricating fluid that promotes relatively friction- free movement of surrounding structures.

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7
Q

serous membranes consist of

A
  • A simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) that exudes the water lubricating fluid
  • A thin layer of connective tissue that attaches the epithelium to adjacent tissues
  • Also carried blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
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8
Q

embryonic development of serous membranes

A

During embryonic development the heart, lungs and gut develop next to a bag-like cavity into which they invaginate
- They each become surrounded by serous membranes that have an inner and outer part

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9
Q

parietal means

A

outer walls- lines the walls of the cavity

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10
Q

visceral means

A

inner walls- membranes which covers the organ

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11
Q

epithelia are..

A

Epithelia are…sheets of continuous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces, including the blood vessels

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12
Q

the epithelium is derived from

A

all embryological germ layers

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13
Q

ectoderms

A

forms exoskeleton -epidermis e.g. skin

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14
Q

endoderm

A

inner and outer lining of GI tract

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15
Q

mesoderm

A

develops into organs- inner lining of body cavities

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16
Q

endothelium

A

specialised types of epithelial cells that line interior surfaces of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

what type of cells are endothelial

A

simple squamous

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18
Q

types of epithelial cells

A
  • Simple or stratified
    o Squamous
    o Cuboidal
    o Columnar
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19
Q

exterior epithelial surfaces

A

skin

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20
Q

Interior spaces opening to exterior (mucous membranes)

A

a. GI tract
b. Respiratory tract
c. Genitourinary tract

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21
Q

Interior spaces which do not open to the exterior

A

a. Pericardial sac
b. Pleural sacs
c. Peritoneum
d. Blood vessels (endothelium)
e. Lymphatic vessels (endothelium)

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22
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer

  • squamous
  • cupoidal
  • columnar
  • pseudostratified
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23
Q

stratified epithelium

A

more than one layer

  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • transitional
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24
Q

epidermis

A

Surface epithelium of the skin, overlying the dermis

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25
Q

epidermis the the primary site of..

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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26
Q

keratinised epithelium is mainly made up of

A

keratinocytes 9epitheilial cells)

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27
Q

what else is in the keratinised epithelium

A

melanocytes and langerhas

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28
Q

keratinocytes mitosis

A
  • Occurs in basal layer
  • Daughter keratinocytes then move towards the surface differentiating and losing their ability to divide
  • Keratinocytes synthesise keratins (fibrous proteins) which contributes to the strengths of the epidermis
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29
Q

normal transit time of keratinocytes from basal layer to stratum corneum

A

28-40 days

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30
Q

keratinocytes mitosis and psoriasis

A
  • transit time is reduced to 2-4 days- stratum corneum is produced in abundance as silvery scales
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31
Q

number of melanocytes in epidermis

A

occurs at intervals (1:8 basal layer of epidermis)

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32
Q

melanocytes are hard to histologically without

A

stains

33
Q

melanocytes and skin colour

A

o Mature melanosomes, containing melanin, are transferred to neighbouring keratinocytes by pigment donation, involving phagocytosis of the tips of the dendritic processes

34
Q

langerhans are also difficult to see

A

without staisn

35
Q

role of langerhans

A
  • Highly specialised capacity to present antigens to T lymphocytes
  • Mediate immune reactions e.g. allergic contact dermatitis
36
Q

location of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium

A

Locations include: skin surface and limited distribution in oral cavity

37
Q

function of squamous keratinised epithelium

A
  • Protection against abrasion and physical trauma
  • Prevention of water loss
  • Prevention of microbial ingress
  • UV shielding
38
Q

name some cell surface specialisations

A
  • keratin
  • cilia
  • goblet cells
  • club cells (Clara)
  • microfold cells
  • sterocilia
  • microvilli
39
Q

keratin

A

o Prevents water loss and protects against abrasion

 E.g. the epidermis (top layer of the skin)

40
Q

cilia

A

o Control micro-movement of luminal contents
 E.g. in the respiratory system clearing mucus
o Longer and wider than microvilli – movement rather than absorption
o Motile

41
Q

goblet cells

A

o Mucus secretions, moistens and lubricates

 E.g. in GI, respiratory, urinary systems

42
Q

club cells (Clara)

A

o Formally known as Clara cells (protect bronchioles) and acts as stem cells for respiratory epithelium

43
Q

microfold (M) cells

A

o Found in the gut, associated with GALT and MALT (gut/ mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
o Delivery of antigens to intracellular immune cells in addition to dendritic cells

44
Q

stereocilia move at

A

12Hz

45
Q

microvilli

A

increase surface are

46
Q

what do goblet cells release

A

muffins through exocytosis

-

47
Q

deficincency in chloride ion release results in

A

very stick and immovable mucous e.g. CF due tp mutation inf CFTR gene

48
Q

gblet cels have

A

microvilli- no cilia on apical surface

49
Q

which organs are affected by CF

A
  • airways
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • small intestine
  • reproductive tracts
  • skin
50
Q

airways and CF

A

a. Clogging and infection of bronchial passage with thick sticky mucus obstructs breathing, progressively damages lungs- major cause of mortality in CF patients

51
Q

liver and CF

A

a. Small bile duct becomes block, disrupts digestion 5% of CF patients

52
Q

pancreas and CF

A

a. Zymogen secretions not released in 85% of pts

53
Q

small intestine and CF

A

a. Thick, non-motile stools in 10% of CF neonates- requires surgery

54
Q

reproductive tracts and CF

A

a. Absence of fine ducts such as vas deferens renders 95% of CF male infertile
b. Mucus plug in cervix prevents semen transit and reduce female fertility

55
Q

skin and CF

A

a. Malfunctioning of sweat glands results in very salty sweat and crystals on the surface of the skin

56
Q

club cells are found

A

On the airway side of the terminal bronchioles and have club-like apical surfaces: no cilia or basal bodies.

57
Q

function of Club cells

A
  • Protect bronchiolar epithelium
  • Detoxify harmful substances inhaled into the lungs
  • Act as stem cell, multiplying and differentiating into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium
58
Q

how do club cells protect bronchiolar epithelium

A

o Secrete club cell secretory protein uteroglobulin, and a solution similar in composition to pulmonary surfactant

59
Q

how do club cells detoxify harmful substances inhaled into the lungs

A

o Accomplish this with cytochrome p450 enzymes found in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

microfold cells are a

A

weak point that can be exploited by pathogens e.g. HIV

61
Q

structure of microfold cells

A
  • M cells have a folded extension that looks like a mushroom cap that samples the lumen by endocytosis
62
Q

where are M cells found

A

only in the small intestine and very close to lymphatic nodule

63
Q

outline role of M cells

A
  1. Traps pathogens and other molecules
  2. Present to underlying dendritic cells that process material
  3. Present to lymphocytes and macrophages that reside in basal ‘pocket’ that is not linked to the basement membrane to raise an immune response or digestions, respectively
64
Q

stereocilia found in the

A

inner ear, epididymis and vas deferens

65
Q

stereo cilia and the inner ear

A
  • mechanosensing organelles of hair cells- respond to fluid motion for hearing and balance
66
Q

sterocilia and epididymis and vas deferens

A

o Facilitate absorption of the residual sperm body after spermiation has completed

67
Q

structure of stereocilia

A
  • Stereocilia contain actin and myosin filaments (just like cilia) and so could be involved in sperm movement along these ejaculatory ducts?
68
Q

smoking

A

damages the lungs

69
Q

cell renewal rate of the trachea

A

1 to 2 months

70
Q

cell renewal rate of the alveoli

A

8 days

71
Q

cell renewal rate of the goblet celsl

A

10 days

72
Q

cell renewal rate of the club cells

A

NEVERRRRR

73
Q

early stages of damage caused by smoking

A

o Normal mucus layer thickens
o Cilia die off
o Ciliagenesis- 2 to 4 days

74
Q

chronic stages of damage caused by smoking

A

o Goblet cells and basal cells proliferate
o Club cells die
o Carcinogens induce mutations and malignancy
o Pneumocytes in the alveoli
 Remaining type II cells proliferate to make type I and II pneumocytes
 Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue

75
Q

acute bronchitis

A

o Cough and mucus production
o Breathlessness <3 months
 Reduced lung function and breathlessness due to inflammation, swelling and narrowing of the lung airways
 Excess mucus in lung passages

76
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

• Chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles that produces a cough and mucus production that has at least 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months or more during a 2 year period (smokers cough)

77
Q

emphysema

A

o Shortness of breath due to permanent widening of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole without fibrosis (destruction of the air sacs

78
Q

COPD

A

• Umbrella condition includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis

79
Q

asthma

A
  • Wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough
  • Expiratory airflow limitation (trigger e.g. cold, exercise, allergens ad stress)
  • Caused by bronchospasm (tightening of the smooth muscle layer in the bronchi and bronchioles, obstruction from mucus and narrowing of the conducting airways)

Body logistics (39 decks)

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