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BIOL 270 > LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 8 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Exergonic reaction:

A

Releases energy

Reactants > products

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2
Q

Autotroph:

A

Makes its own food from inorganic source

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3
Q

Heterotroph:

A

Gets food from organic material

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4
Q

Chemoautotroph:

A

Makes its own food from a chemical source

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5
Q

LEO goes GER:

A

Loss of electrons: oxidation

Gain of electrons: reduction

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6
Q

Electron carriers:

A

NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2

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7
Q

Metabolism is made up of:

A

Anabolism: building up
Catabolism: breaking down

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8
Q

Why does ATP have a lot of energy associated with it?

A

Has 3 phosphates next to each other that have a negative charge (repelling each other) -> breaking off a phosphate releases some energy (exergonic rx)

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9
Q

Release of phosphate from ATP causes:

A

Coupling of energonic reactions (reactions that require energy)

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10
Q

Enzymes/biological catalysts make the energy of activation hill:

A

SMALLER and makes it more likely that the reaction will make place

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11
Q

Product formation:

A

Does NOT form faster with the enzyme

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12
Q

Rate of the reaction with or without the enzyme:

A

Stays the same, the enzyme just makes it more likely that the reaction will occur

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13
Q

Energonic reaction:

A

Requires energy

Products > reactants

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14
Q

Apoenzyme:

Holoenzyme:

A
  • Not active until it binds a coenzyme (vitamin) or cofactor (inorganic ion)
  • Has cofactor and coenzyme
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15
Q

Cofactor:
Coenzyme:

A

Inorganic ion

Vitamin

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16
Q

Enzyme:

A
  • comes from proteins
  • lower activation energy
  • works like a lock and key
  • only binds a specific substrate
  • biological catalyst
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17
Q

Substrate:

A
  • Molecule that enzyme acts on

- Fits into an a specific shape of the active site of an enzyme

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18
Q

Process of enzyme reaction:

A
  1. Substrate enters active site of enzyme
  2. Enzyme/substrate complex forms
  3. Substrate is converted to products (cofactor or coenzymes)
  4. Products leave the enzyme
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19
Q

Allosteric site:

A

Other site that causes confirmation change

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20
Q

Non-competitive inhibiton:

A

Doesn’t directly compete for active site-> binds to allosteric site instead-> causes confirmation change that doesn’t allow you to bind substrate (turns off enzyme)

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21
Q

2 ways to turn off an enzyme:

A
  • Competitive inhibition
  • Noncompetitive inhibition
  • Cofactors or coenzymes not being present
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22
Q

Allosteric activators:

A

Activates the enzyme/changes the shape so the substrate can bind again

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibitors:

A

Binds to enzyme to make it inactive

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24
Q

Feedback inhibition:

A

The final product of the metabolic pathway that inhibits the pathway by preventing the enzyme from converting the product

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25
Q

True or false:

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both perform glycolysis in the cytoplasm:

A

True

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26
Q

Enzymes come from:

A

Proteins that come from genes

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27
Q

Gene:

A

Piece of DNA that codes for a protein

28
Q

How do you control whether a competitive inhibitor binds or doesn’t bind to the active site?

A

Decreasing the inhibitors or substrate

29
Q

Every cell does:

A

Glycolysis

-Bacteria, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, e.coli

30
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition vs. feedback inhibition:

A

Product MUST be the noncompetitive inhibitor in feedback inhibition but in noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor doesn’t have to be the product

31
Q

Glucose has:

A

6 carbons-> breaks down into 2, 3 carbon molecules

32
Q

How many pyruvate can I make from 1 glucose molecule?

A

2 pyruvate

33
Q

Investment phase of glycolysis:

A

Process of converting glucose into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
-2 ATP-> 2 ADP (costs us 2 ATP)

34
Q

Pay off phase of glycolysis:

A

-Process of making 2, 3 carbon pyruvate from glyceraladehyde 3-phosphate
NAD+-> NADH
2 ADP-> 2ATP

35
Q

Pyruvate can do what in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cross the mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

What cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phophate

37
Q

What do we get back from the pay off phase of glycolysis?

A

NAD+-> NADH: electron carriers that have energy associated with it
2ADP-> 2ATP: excess energy

38
Q

Aceytl-coA=

A

2 carbons each

39
Q

In Krebs, for every acetyl-coA, we get:

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

40
Q

4 oxaloacetate + 2 acetyl-coA=

A

6 carbon= citrate

41
Q

Oxaloacetate:

A

4 carbon

42
Q

Goal of Krebs:

A

To make electron carriers (NAD+/NADH) and to send them to the ETC

43
Q

Aerobic prokaryotic cells in glycolysis:

A
  • With oxygen

- Same steps take place but happens in the cytoplasm

44
Q

Eukaryotes:

A

Always in mitochondria

45
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

Always in cytoplasm and doesn’t cross mitochondrial membrane

46
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondria:

Outer membrane of mitochondria:

A

Matrix

Inner membrane space

47
Q

ETC:

A

Series of electron carrying proteins

48
Q

As NADH-> NAD+ and drops off an electron into the matrix:

A

It pumps out a proton into the inner membrane space

49
Q

Result of protons in the inner membrane space:

A

3H+ in inner membrane space

50
Q

Last pump:

A

Gives electron to oxygen to make water

51
Q

Oxygen in the ETC is:

A

Last electron accepter

52
Q

ATP synthase:

A

Tunnel protons go through in the ETC

53
Q

How is ATP made in the ETC?

A

Uses the energy of the protons in the inner membrane space to go down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase to take ADP + an inorganic phosphate to make ATP

54
Q

IN THE ETC:

FADH2 yields:
NADH yields:

A

2 ATP

3 ATP

55
Q

Why does FADH2 give you less ATP?

A

Because it’s dropping off it’s electron at the 2nd pump

56
Q

NADH-> NAD+ drops off it’s electron at:

A

First pump

57
Q

In aerobic prokaryote:

A

ETC happens in the plasma membrane

58
Q

In aerobic prokaryotes, protons are pumped:

A

Outside the cell into plasma membrane-> protons come down ATP synthase into the cytoplasm

59
Q

Anaerobic prokaryotes:

A

Can still perform ETC but do NOT have oxygen as their last electron carrier

60
Q

If no O2 is present:

A
  • Won’t be able to regenerate NAD+

- Fermentation occurs

61
Q

Goal of fermentation:

A

-To take NADH-> NAD+ so that you can continue to do glycolysis-> NET 2 ATP

62
Q

How do humans make ATP anaerobically?

A

Pyruvate-> (NADH->NAD+)-> lactic acid-> 2 ATP

63
Q

Yeast makes:
Humans make:

Goal?

A

Ethanol
Lactic acid

To make NAD+ to continue to run glycolysis to yield 2 ATP

64
Q

Competitive inhibitor:

A

Competing for the active site

65
Q

Krebs occurs where for?
Prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes:

A

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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