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BIOL 270 > LEC EXAM #1 CHP. 3 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #1 CHP. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does bacteria move?

A

By changing the rotation of their flagella

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2
Q

What is chemotaxis:

A
  • Causes spinning of flagella to move towards the attractant
  • Chemical attractants cause more runs
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3
Q

Run vs. tumble:

A

RUN:

  • Flagella rotates in a counterclockwise direction
  • Flagella bundled

TUMBLE:

  • Flagella rotates in a clockwise direction
  • Not bundled
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4
Q

Brownian motion vs directed movement:

A

Brownian motion:
the random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a gas or liquid due to collision of these particles in the fluid

Directed movement:
directed movement of cells up a conc. gradient

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5
Q

How does the presence of a capsule help bacteria survive?

A
  • Encapsulates them for more protection
  • Prevents WBC’s from phagocytosis
  • Hinders abx functions
  • Allows slime layer to adhere to a smooth surface, allowing it to stay for a longer amount of time
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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A
  • Agent that causes diseases or illness to its host

- 4 types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

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7
Q

What types of molecules can move through the membrane freely (simple diffusion) or diffuse across a membrane?

A
  • Small, uncharged molecules
  • Hydrophobic molecules
  • O2, CO2, lipids, water
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8
Q

What types of molecules require a carrier protein transporter for facilitative diffusion?

A
  • Large and charged molecules
  • Hydrophilic molecules
  • Glucose, carbs, amino acids, ions
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9
Q

What types of molecules require active transport?

A

Glucose, ions, amino acids

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10
Q

Simple diffusion:

A

Molecules move DOWN their conc. gradient (high->low)

-Does not use energy to do this

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11
Q

Active transport?

A
  • Pumps molecules against their conc. gradient using ATP (low-> high)
  • Uses ATP as energy to do this
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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion:

A
  • Molecules move down their conc. gradient using the help of a carrier/transport protein (high->low)
  • Does not use energy to do this
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13
Q

How does osmosis work in prokaryotic cells? *

A

In prokaryotic cells, the cell wall provides some protection against changes in osmotic pressure, allowing it
to maintain its shape

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14
Q

The key morphological innovations of eukaryotic cells:

A
  • Has a nucleus that contains DNA
  • Has membrane bound organelles
  • Has a cytoskeleton that provides structure, keeps organelles in place, and helps with cellular transport
  • Has 80s proteins ribosomes
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15
Q

How do prokaryotic cells (7) differ from eukaryotic cells (6)?

A

Prokaryotic cells:

  • unicellular
  • smaller
  • more basic
  • came first
  • found in bacteria and archaea
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells:

  • unicellular or multicellular
  • bigger
  • more complex
  • found in protists, plants fungi, and animals
  • has nucleus
  • has membrane bound organelles
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16
Q

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Both have:

  • DNA
  • Cell/plasma membrane
  • Cell wall (besides animal cells in eukaryotic cells)
  • Ribosomes
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17
Q

What is endomembrane trafficking?

A
  • Group of membrane organelles that produce and modify proteins and lipids
  • Starts in nuclear envelope goes to RER for protein synthesis or SER for lipid synthesis-> golgi apparatus-> packages it to plasma membrane or other parts of the cell
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18
Q

How does the RER differ from the smooth ER?

A

RER surrounds nuclear membrane and is bound by ribosomes-> makes proteins

Smooth ER makes lipids not proteins

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19
Q

Peroxisomes:

A

Membrane bound organelle that has lipid bilayer that breaks down peroxides to keep free radicals from forming

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

Provides structure and support

-Network/highway for transportation

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21
Q

3 cytoskeleton elements:

A
  • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
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22
Q

Golgi apparatus:

A

Site where proteins are modified by placing sugar on proteins and ships them out to their final destination

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23
Q

Lysosome:

A

Garbage disposal of cell, breaks down the waste

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24
Q

Nuclear lamina:

A

Intermediate filaments that support the nuclear membrane/gives it structure

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25
Q

Centrosome:

A

Spindle fibers that segregate chromosomes in mitosis or meiosis

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26
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Synthesize RNA into protein in the RER

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27
Q

Microtubules:

A
  • Highway of cell
  • Responsible for movement of cilia and flagella
  • Maintains shape of eukaryotic cells
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28
Q

How do we get things in and out of the nucleus?

A

DNA goes through nuclear pores that selectively allows you take things inside and outside the nucleus

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29
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes:

A

70s

30
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes:

A

80s

31
Q

60S + 40S=

A

80S ribosomal subunits

32
Q

When vesicle pinches off from the RER, where does it go?

A

Cys side of golgi apparatus

33
Q

Mitochondria:

5

A
  • Powerhouse of cell, makes ATP for cell
  • Comes from prokaryotic cells
  • Has 70S ribosomes, like bacteria
  • Has their own DNA
  • Creates cristae to increase surface volume
34
Q

Plasma membrane:

4

A
  • Mobile, not static
  • Composed of lipid bayer and embedded proteins
  • Contains cholesterol that maintains membrane (IN EUKARYOTIC ONLY)
  • Contains glycoproteins and glycolipids that recognize other cells or pathogens
35
Q

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the same:

A

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

36
Q

Eukaryotic plasma membrane performs:

A

Simple, facilitated, and active transport

37
Q

3 processes that are SPECIFIC to eukaryotic cells:

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

38
Q

Extracellular matrix:

A
  • Allows for external stress to be reduced on cells

- Acts as anchor for the cell

39
Q

Microfilaments:

A

-Responsible for amoeboid movement, contractile ring formation, and pinching off ring

40
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A
  • Permeable
  • Composed of various proteins
  • Cell-to-cell contact
41
Q

Subunit of microfilaments:

A

Actin

42
Q

Subunit of microtubules:

A

Tubulin

43
Q

Subunit of intermediate filaments:

A

Composed of various proteins such as keratin

44
Q

Vesicular transport:

A

Membrane bound packets of protein made by the RER that are picked up by the golgi apparatus

45
Q

Cilia:

A

Captures particules entering the airway and moves upwards out of airway

46
Q

Dynein:

2

A
  • Protein in tubule that walks along microtubules using ATP

- Takes mitochondria in cell where ATP is needed

47
Q

Cilia is made up of:

A

Microtubules

48
Q

Flagella movement in prokaryotic cells?

A

Run and tumble

49
Q

Flagella movement in eukaryotic cells?

A

Whipping

50
Q

3 domains and which types of bacteria in each?

A
  1. Archaea- prokaryotic
  2. Bacteria- prokaryotic
  3. Eukarya- eukaryotic
51
Q

Endocytosis:

A

Selective of what we bring inside the cell

52
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Brings in food particles via ameboid movement

53
Q

Pinocytosis:

A

Pulls in extracellular fluid for osmotic pressure

54
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic soln?

A

A soln that has a HIGHER solute conc. -> cell crenates

55
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic soln?

A

A soln that has a LOWER solute conc. -> cell lyses/swells

56
Q

What happens to a cell in a isotonic soln?

A

No net movement of water particles-> overall conc. on both sides of cell membrane remains constant

57
Q

Define tonicity:

A

Describes amount of particles in soln compared to the cell

58
Q

Slime layer made of:

A

Glycocalyx and proteins

59
Q

Osmosis:

A

Movement of water from HIGH-> LOW concentration

60
Q

NAP:

A

DNA in prokaryotic cells interacts with NAPS (nucleoid associated proteins) which helps organize the DNA

61
Q

Nucleoid:

A

Dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cell

62
Q

3 variants of the cell wall:

A
  • Gram negative
  • Gram positive
  • Acid-fast
63
Q

Gram negative:

inner to outer

A
  • Inner membrane
  • Periplasmic space
  • Thin peptidoglycan cell wall
  • Lipoprotein
  • Outer membrane
  • LPS endotoxin
  • Harder to treat with abx
64
Q

Acid fast:

A

Absorbed by mycolic acid which acts as a waxy coat

65
Q

Gram positive:

inner to outer

A
  • Inner plasma membrane
  • Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
  • Teichoic acid: gives rigidity and allows to bind to host cells glycoproteins
  • Acid fast stain on outside
  • Easier to treat with abx
66
Q

Gram negative structure:

A
  • 5 proteins horizontally and 4 proteins vertically

- Peptidoglycan crosslink

67
Q

What membrane bound organelles do eukaryotes have?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, golgi, ER

68
Q

How does osmosis work in cells that do not have a cell wall?

A

In cells that lack a cell wall, changes in osmotic pressure can lead to crenation in hypertonic environments or cell lysis in hypotonic environment

69
Q

ALL gram negative have:

A

LPS that sticks out on outer membrane

70
Q

Gram positive structure:

A
  • 4 proteins vertically only
  • Direct link from tetra to tetra
  • No peptidoglycan cross link

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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