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BIOL 270 > LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 10 > Flashcards

LEC EXAM #2 CHP. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Biofilm: (3)

A
  • Growth of bacteria/fungi on a surface
  • Composed of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids
  • Allows for formation of water channels to provide shelter, protection, hydration, and nutrients to cells
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2
Q

Bacterial cells secrete:

A

A gel-like extracellular substance that allows for good attachment to a surface and passage of water channels

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3
Q

Benefit of water channels passing through:

A

Can send signals to other bacterial cells that nutrients are present

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4
Q

Bacterial growth through binary fission:

A

Bacteria duplicates DNA->grows->splits into 2 cells

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5
Q

Septum:

A

Used to build new cell wall off of for the next cell

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel:

A
  • Father of modern genetics
  • Bread pea plants
  • Observed characteristics of genes being passed from parents to progeny (vertical gene transfer)
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7
Q

Binary fission is:

A

Asexual reproduction

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8
Q

Chromosomal genes of inheritance:

A

DNA contains certain segments that contain specific genes

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9
Q

Hammerling’s contribution:

A
  • Importance of how DNA functions
  • Indirect
  • Mushroom Experiment: Took am a mushroom and cut off the head-> head regenerated DT the nucleus being at the foot of the mushroom
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10
Q

Griffith experiment:

Original belief?

A
  • 1st experiment to determine what genetic info is made of
  • Indirect
  • Originally they thought amino acids were our DNA because we have 20 amino acids and 4 nucleotides in DNA-> more amino acids than DNA variations
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11
Q

How did Griffith experiment work?

A

2 strains of pneumoniae:

  • virulent strain: causes disease (smooth strain)
  • avirulent strain: non-disease causing (rough strain)
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12
Q

Why is virulent strain smooth?

A

In a capsule for protection against getting engulfed and abx treatment

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13
Q

Griffith exp.

  • Smooth inject mouse->
  • Rough inject mouse->
  • Heat smooth inject mouse->
  • Heat smooth + rough inject mouse->
A

Dies
Lives
Lives
Dies

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14
Q

Why does the mouse die when you heat the smooth and add it to rough then inject the mouse?

A

Because DNA doesn’t die with heat-> genes for capsule from smooth is passed onto R-> builds a capsule through transcription and translation-> mouse dies-> recovers live S

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15
Q

During his experiments, Griffith only knew:

A

That R got transformed into S

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16
Q

Avery experiment contribution:

A
  • Practiced extension of Griffith’s experiments

- Indirect

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17
Q

How did Avery’s experiments work? (3)

A
  1. Heated S-> adds RNAase (eats RNA)-> adds live R-> injects mouse-> mouse dies + live S
  2. Heated S-> adds protease (eats protein)-> adds live R-> injects mouse-> mouse dies + live S
  3. Heated S-> adds DNAase (eats DNA)-> adds live R-> injects mouse-> mouse lives + no live S
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18
Q

In Avery experiments, why did the mouse live when adding DNAase to heated S?

A

Because when DNAase eats DNA, this gets rid of the gene to make a capsule-> can’t go through transcription or translaton-> R can’t transform into S

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19
Q

Hershey and Chase experiment:

A
  • Directly tests if DNA is genetic info
  • Phages infected host cells with DNA and protein-> DNA (Phosphorus-32) found inside cells and protein (Sulfur-35) found outside cell
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20
Q

How was the Beadle and Tatum experiment performed?

A

Starts with fungal spores that are treated in 2 different ways:
A. 1 left alone
B. 1 with x-ray on it-> causes mutations to spores

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21
Q

Mutation of DNA causes:

A

Mutation of a gene that’s important for synthesis of a particular protein/amino acid

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22
Q

Significance of Beadle and Tatum’s experiment:

A

Showed when pieces of DNA are mutated, it caused direct effect on the proteins needed for growth

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23
Q

Structure of deoxyribose nucleotide:

A

Sugar- deoxyribose (no O2)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

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24
Q

Purines

A
  • Double rings
  • bigger structure
  • adenine + guanine
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25
Q

Pyrimidines

A

-Single rings
-small structure
-cytosine + thymine
(both have Y’s)

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26
Q

How do we link nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bond

27
Q

What is off of your 3’ carbon?

A

OH

-Attacked by incoming nucleotide’s phosphate-> phosphate creates covalent bond with OH (phosphodiester bond)

28
Q

You ALWAYS add to:

A

a free 3’ hydroxyl

29
Q

Synthesis of DNA goes:

A

5’ phosphate to 3’ hydroxyl

30
Q

5’ reacts with 3’ to:

A

Create a phosphodiester bond

31
Q

You CANNOT add onto:

A

a free 5’ phosphate

32
Q

A -> T have:

A

2 hydrogen bonds

33
Q

C -> G have:

A

3 hydrogen bonds

34
Q

Twist make bonds:

A

More stable

35
Q

Heating causes:

A

Bonds to break apart but won’t break individual strains apart

36
Q

How does deoxyribonucleotide differ from a ribonucleotide?

A

H for DNA

OH for RNA

37
Q

RNA does not have:

A

A complementary strand because RNA is single stranded

38
Q

DNA vs. RNA:

A

DNA

  • deoxyribose
  • thymine instead of uracil
  • double stranded

RNA

  • ribose
  • uracil instead of thymine
  • single stranded
  • complementary strand to template DNA
39
Q

Process of making mRNA:

A

Transcription

40
Q

Process that happens between DNA-> mRNA:

A

Transcription

41
Q

Process that happens between mRNA-> protein:

A

Translation

42
Q

tRNA used to:

A

Link together correct amino acids

43
Q

tRNA structure:

A
  • unique piece of RNA
  • only double stranded RNA molecule
  • has an amino acid attached to its 3’ hydroxyl end
  • at the other end it has 3 bases that are complementary to mRNA strand
44
Q

Once tRNA hydrogen bonds with mRNA:

A

The correct amino acid is on the other end

45
Q

Codon:

A

3 base pairs on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

46
Q

Anti-codon:

A

Complimentary tRNA to codon

47
Q

Gene:

A

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

48
Q

Non-coding region of DNA is important for:

A

Chromosomal structure/integrity

49
Q

Telomerase:

A
  • Enzyme that rebuilds telomere

- Rebuilds the chewed up portion that the DNAase eats

50
Q

Telomeres:

A
  • on ends of chromosomes
  • non-coding (no genes)
  • prevents genes from getting eaten
51
Q

Kineticore:

A

Group of proteins that binds mitotic spindle + centromere

52
Q

Centromere:

A
  • Non-coding region
  • Important for structural movement of chromosomes
  • Middle DNA of chromosome
53
Q

Genotype vs. phenotype:

A
  • Genotype doesn’t change

- Phenotype changes due to temperature

54
Q

How do organize our DNA?

A
  • Nucleosome: DNA wraps around 8 histone protein octomer that has tails that have positive charges
  • Phosphate on DNA has negative charge so DNA has negative charge
55
Q

Nucleosome:

A

-DNA + histone octamer

56
Q

First level of impaction:

Second level of impaction:

A

Nucleosome

Solenoid

57
Q

6 octamer/nucleosomes=

A

Solenoid

58
Q

Human DNA structure vs. bacterial DNA:

A

Humans have linear DNA

Bacteria have circular DNA + plasmids

59
Q

Quorum sensing:

A
  • Is how biofilm communicate with each other or change gene expression
  • Causes upregulation of gene expression
60
Q

Plasmids:

A
  • Extra pieces of DNA inside bacterial cell

- Can replicate independently

61
Q

How to transfer plasmids to other bacterial cells?

A

Pilus

62
Q

Exponential/log phase:

A
  • Adjusts their gene expression to the nutrients available and grow rapidly until the nutrients are depleted
  • 99% of bacteria we use
63
Q

Lag phase:

A
  • Uptaking gene and changing gene expression

- No increase in bacterial cell growth yet because they are still getting used to/acclimated to the environment

64
Q

Good biofilm vs. bad biofilm:

A

Good: on gut and respiratory lining
Bad: formation on teeth, plaque

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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