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BIOL 270 > FINAL EXAM CHP. 17 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM CHP. 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity:

A
  • First line of defense
  • Present since birth
  • No specific recognition of microbe
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2
Q

Adaptive immunity:

A
  • Resistance to a specific pathogen
  • Produces antibodies
  • Alerts other immune cells
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3
Q

Susceptibility

A

Lack of resistance to a disease

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4
Q

Goal of innate immunity:

A

To phagocytose pathogen-> causes inflammation, fever

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5
Q

Immunity:

A

Ability to ward off disease

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6
Q

Macrophage activation in immune system:

A

TLR on macrophage attaches to PAMP (Ex: LPS)-> TLR binds to LPS-> releases cytokines

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7
Q

Example of PAMP:

A

LPS (gram -)

Peptidoglycan (gram +)

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8
Q

TLR induce:

A

Cytokines-> inflammation, fever

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9
Q

Skin:

A

Body’s largest organ and consists of:

  • dermis
  • epidermis
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10
Q

Dermis:

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

Epidermis:

A

Tightly packed layers of dead cells-> falls off to remove microbes-> creates a dry environment

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12
Q

Mucous membrane:

A

Treponema pallidum/syphilis can spirochete (cork screw through mucous membranes)

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13
Q

Mucus:

A
  • Traps microbes

- Produces goblet cells

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14
Q

Ciliary escalator:

A

Transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

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15
Q

First line of defense physical factors: (10)

A 
Skin
Mucous membranes
Mucus
Ciliary escalator 
Lacrimal apparatus
Saliva 
Urine 
Vaginal secretions 
Ear wax
Defecation
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16
Q

First line of defense chemical factors (4)

A
  • Fungistatic and bacteriostatic fatty acid in sebum
  • Low pH of gastric juice and vaginal secretions
  • Lysozyme in perspiration (low pH)
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17
Q

Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine:

A

Breaks down cell walls by destroying chemical bonds of peptidoglycans

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18
Q

Gastric juice cannot stop:

A

C. botulinum or S. aureus toxins

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19
Q

H. pylori:

A

Neutralizes stomach acid, allowing bacteria to grow and initiating an immune response that leads to ulcers

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20
Q

E. coli in the gut produces:

A
  • Molecules that prevent salmonella and shigella from growing
  • Commensal microbiota
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21
Q

Process of phagocytosis:

A

Phagocytose pathogen-> degrade pathogen-> waste products act as chemoattractants for other immune cells-> converge in that area-> release TNF (cytokine)

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22
Q

Eosinophilia:

A

Increased eosinophils in blood that produces IgE from:

  • Parasitic infection
  • Allergic reaction
23
Q

Dendritic cells:

A

Derived from monocytes and initiates adaptive immunity

24
Q

T-cells:

A

Produce antibodies in the adaptive immune system

25
Q

What causes serious up-regulation of WBC? (4)

A
  • Meningitis
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Gonorrhea
26
Q

What causes a decrease in WBC? (2)

A
  • Salmonellosis
  • Brucellosis

Certain organisms produce toxins toxic to WBC-> pathogen is more virulent

27
Q

Lymphatic system:

A

Circulates the lymph fluid in the body

28
Q

Fixed macrophages:

A

Stuck in nodes

29
Q

Wandering macrophages:

A

Goes through lymph and circulatory system

30
Q

Why are biofilm communities harder to phagocytose?

A

They can adhere to gel and to each other-> difficult to form pseudopodia around

31
Q

Inflammation: (7)

A 
Acute-phase proteins 
Vasodilation
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Heat
32
Q

Functions of inflammation:

A
  • Destroy injurious agent and remove by-products
  • If destruction not possible then wall off injurious agent and by-products (fibrinogen, kinins for vasodilation)
  • Repair or replace tissue damaged by the injurious agent or by-products
33
Q

All cells involved in inflammation have:

A

Receptors for the cytokine TNF that produce more TNF upon activation

34
Q

Important chemicals for vasodilation: (5)

A 
Histamines 
Kinins
Prostaglandins 
Leukotrienes
Cytokines
35
Q

Disadvantages of fever? (3)

A
  • Tachycardia
  • Acidosis
  • Dehydration
36
Q

Why is the complement system turned on?

A

When antigen-antibody react

37
Q

What are the effects of the complement system after it’s been turned on?

A

Inflammation, cytolysis, opsonization

38
Q

Opsonization:

A

Coating of pathogen to make it easier to phagocytose

39
Q

Cytolysis:

A

Forms pore in pathogen membrane

40
Q

Chemotaxis by the complement system:

A

Brings in phagocytes to area of complement activation

41
Q

Complement system causes inflammation by:

A

Causing histamines to be released-> vasodilation-> increased blood vessel permeability

42
Q

Antigen-antibody reaction is known as the:

A

Classical activation of complement system

43
Q

Alternative pathway to complement system:

A

Lipid carbohydrate complex

44
Q

What activates the lipid carbohydrate complex?

A

When protein factors that preexist in your blood bind

45
Q

Interferons made of:

A

Lymphocytes, leukocytes, fibroblasts

46
Q

Antimicrobial peptides have the ability to produce:

A
  • Lyse bacterial cells
  • Synergistic
  • NO resistance to pathogens
47
Q

Antimicrobial peptides are produced when:

A

TLR attach to PAMP’s

48
Q

Molecules capable of chemotaxis:

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes/macrophages
  • Basophils
49
Q

Which are your APC/PPC?

A

Dendritic
Macrophage
B cells

50
Q

The major components of the immune system: (5)

A 
T cells
B cells
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
51
Q

Goal of lymph:

A

Circulate the fluid that goes through lymph and catch any pathogens that may have gotten to the circulatory system and take them to one spot

52
Q

Cytokines in adaptive are responsible for:

A

Clonal expansion and plasma cell formation

53
Q

Cytokines in innate are responsible for:

A

They are TNF that call cells over to the site of infection

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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