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BIOL 270 > LAB EXAM #1 > Flashcards

LAB EXAM #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paul Ehrlich:

A

Discovered chemotherapy and magic bullets- salvarsan to treat syphilis

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2
Q

Alexander Fleming:

A

Discovered abx- penicillin

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3
Q

Gerhard Domagk:

A

Discovered sulfanilamide- 1st practical antimicrobial

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4
Q

2 chemotherapeutic/antimicrobial agents:

A

Antibiotics- used as medicine against bacteria, protozoans, fungi
Antibacterials- soaps, disinfectants

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5
Q

How is an antimicrobial more toxic to pathogens than humans?

A
  • Differences in structure or metabolism
  • Different metabolic pathways in bacteria compared to human cells
  • Protozoa, fungi, and worms are more similar to humans so they are more difficult to cure
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6
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotic:

A

Works against many types and good when the bug is unknown

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7
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotic:

A

Good against a small number of germs and good when the bug is known

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8
Q

3 side effects to antibiotics:

A
  1. Toxicity
  2. Allergies
  3. Disruption of normal flora
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9
Q

Toxicity effect to abx:

A

-Possible damage to organs, kidney, liver, teeth

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10
Q

Allergic effect to abx:

A

Anaphylactic shock

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11
Q

Disruption of normal flora effect to abx:

A

Superinfections- commensals killed, replacement flora moves in

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12
Q

6 mechanisms of action:

Acronym

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Disruption of cell membranes
  3. Inhibition of protein synthesis
  4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  5. Inhibition of metabolic pathways
  6. Inhibition of host recognition and attachment `
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13
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis:

A
  • Selective against some bacteria and fungi

- B-lactam ring

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14
Q

Disruption of cell membranes:

A
  • Selective against some bacteria and fungi

- Binds phospholipids

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15
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis: (abx that inhibit protein synthesis)

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
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16
Q

Inhibition of nucleus acid synthesis:

A

A.) Blocks DNA replication or prevents transcription to RNA, toxic to host
B.) Nucleotide analogs- non-functional molecules similar to A, T, C, G, or DNA

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17
Q

Inhibition of metabolic pathways:

A

A. Competitive inhibition of enzymes- Sulfanilamides

B. Molecular mimicry

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18
Q

Inhibition of host recognition and attachment:

A

Attachment antagonists

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19
Q

B-lactam ring:

A

Disrupts enzymes needed to cross-link peptidoglycans

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20
Q

2 ways microbes develop resistance:

A
  1. Chromosomal genes

2. Extra-chromosomal genes- plasmids

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21
Q

5 mechanisms of resistance:

A
  1. Producing new enzymes that deactivate abx
  2. Altering the cell membrane to prevent drug entry
  3. Altering drug’s target to prevent binding
  4. Altering cell’s metabolic pathways
  5. Pumping drug out of the cell
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22
Q

Disinfection:

A

Reduce number of microbes to safe levels

23
Q

Sterilization:

A

Removal of all microbes on an object

24
Q

Disinfectants:

A

Agents applied to inanimate objects

25
Q

Antiseptics:

A

Kills microbes on external surface of living tissue

26
Q

Sanitizer:

A
  • Disinfects food equipment and utensils

- Can be soap and water

27
Q

Effectiveness of chemical agents is influenced by: (6)

A
  1. Time
  2. Temp
  3. pH
  4. Concentration
  5. Number of organisms
  6. Types of organisms
28
Q

Time effectiveness in chemical agents:

A

Length of exposure

29
Q

Bacteriostatic agent:

A

Inhibits growth of microbes, but doesn’t kill them

30
Q

5 ways to limit drug resistance:

A
  1. Patient must finish rx- stopping early lets resistant strains multiply
  2. Synergism: additive effect of 2 different drugs
    - penicillin damages wall, lets streptomycin enter more easily
  3. Use drugs for serious cases only
  4. Continue to develop second or third generation semisynthetic drugs
  5. Limit antimicrobial use in farm animals
31
Q

Temp effectiveness in chemical agents:

A

Increased temp= faster death rate, doubles with every 10 C increase

32
Q

pH effectiveness in chemical agents:

A

Affects ability to penetrate the cell

33
Q

Concentration effectiveness in chemical agents:

A 
High= bacteriocidal
Low= bacteriostatic
34
Q

Types of organisms effectiveness in chemical agents: (4)

A

A. Species variability
B. Growth phase variability
C. Most susceptible period
D. Endospores

35
Q

2 mechanisms of action of chemical agents attacking cell component:

A
  1. Protein denaturation

2. Membrane sufactants

36
Q

Bacteriocide:

A

Kills bacteria specifically, not spores or fungi

37
Q

Protein denaturation:

A
  • Hydrogen and disulfide bonds disrupted
  • Shape altered
  • Function lost
  • Ex: Alcohol, acids, strong bases, halogens, heavy metals
38
Q

Membrane surfactants:

A

Dissolve lipids, alcohols, detergents

39
Q

Germacide, microbicide:

A

Kills germs in general

40
Q

Host microbe interactions

Symbiosis: (3)

A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Parasitism
41
Q

Host microbe interactions

Normal (indigenous microflora): (3)

A
  1. Resident flora
  2. Transient flora
  3. Opportunists
42
Q

Viricide:

A

Agent inactivates viruses

43
Q

Fungacide:

A

Agent that kills fungi

44
Q

Sporocide:

A

Agent that kills bacterial or fungal spores

45
Q

Host microbe interactions

Contamination, infection, disease: (5)

A
  1. Colonization
  2. Contamination
  3. Infection
  4. Infestation
  5. Disease
46
Q

Resident flora:

A

Microbes that are always present, mouth, nose, throat, intestines

47
Q

Transient flora:

A

Occur under certain temporary conditions, may last hours or months

48
Q

Opportunists:

A

Residents that can cause disease under some conditions:
A. transfer of normal flora to unusual body site
B. disruption of normal flora
C. immunocompromised- failure of normal immune system

49
Q

Colonization:

A

Microbes appear and grow on surfaces, skin, and mucous membranes

50
Q

Contamination:

A

Unwanted microbes are present, inanimate objects, media, skin surface

51
Q

Infection:

A

Invasion, multiplication of microbes in or on host

52
Q

Infestation:

A

Multiplication of arthropods or worms

53
Q

Disease:

A

Infection leads to disruption of normal functioning- diminished health

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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