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BIOL 270 > FINAL EXAM CHP. 18 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM CHP. 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Can phagocytose: (4)

A

Dendrite cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells

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2
Q

First adaptive vaccination:

A

Small Pox

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3
Q

Antigen stimulates:

A

Antibody production

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4
Q

B-cells: (3) **

A
  • Mature in bone marrow
  • Humoral immunity
  • Produce antibodies and can become memory cells
  • Can phagocytose
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5
Q

T-cells: (3) **

A
  • Cannot phagocytose
  • Stimulate other immune cells to kill cells
  • Cellular immunity
  • Mature in thymus
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6
Q

Different mutations on B cells (variable)=

A

Different antibody binding sites on B-cells

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7
Q

C regions on antibody binding site:

A

Constant (dont change)

and has structural foundation

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8
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulins:

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

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9
Q

IgG (3)

A
  • Enhance phagocytosis and circulates bacteria (permeable)
  • Can pass BBB
  • Half life= 23 days
  • 80% of serum AB the blood
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10
Q

IgM: (4)

A
  • Not permeable due to large structure but first AB produced when infected
  • Agglutinates any microbe
  • Exposure to any pathogen causes up regulation of IgM in response to infection (HSV)
  • Half life= 5 days
  • 5-10% of serum AB
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11
Q

IgA:

A
  • Prevents pathogen from attaching to mucosal membrane
  • Half life= 6 days
  • 10-15% of serum AB in the tissue
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12
Q

IgD:

A
  • On B cells that causes immune response
  • 0.2% of serum AB
  • Half life= 3 days
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13
Q

IgE:

A
  • Parasitic infection or allergic reaction
  • Up regulates eosinophils
  • 0.002% serum AB
  • Half life= 2 days
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14
Q

Activation of B cells:

A
  • IgM and IgD on surface
  • T dependent antigens
  • T independent antigens
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15
Q

T independent antigen activation: ?

A

Binding of B cell to antigen-> causes upregulation of antibodies

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16
Q

Humoral T dependent upregulation of B cells: antigen presenting/extracellular

A

Antibody on the surface of the B cell binds to the epitope on the surface of pathogen-> B cell takes the antigen inside to process it-> cuts it up-> adds it to MHC class II fragment-> placed on surface of B cell-> presents as MHC class II to immune system-> T helper cell (CD4) has T cell receptor on surface specific to the presentation-> MHC class II binds to T helper cell when there is a match-> causes release of cytokines and activates B cell to do 1.) clonal expansion to produce memory B cells through mitosis and 2.) Become antibody secreting plasma cells to release antibodies that are excreted into extracellular matrix to bind to antigen

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17
Q

Clonal expansion produces:

A

Memory B cells through mitosis

18
Q

Cellular immune system, control of intracellular pathogens: ?

A

Intracellular antigens are expressed on the surface of an APC-> T cell binds to MHC-antigen complex on the infected cell-> activation of T cell causes release of cytokines-> cytokines activates dendritic cell or macrophage to phagocytose (B cells not first line of defense)-> cytoxic T cell (CD8) induces apoptosis of target cell.

19
Q

Chemoattractant to recruit other macrophages to site of infection-> releasing cytokine/digestion of cells:

Presenting:

A

Innate

Adaptive

20
Q

Epitope:

A

Outside of antigen of the pathogen that sticks out and binds to the antibody on B cell

21
Q

Cell mediated response to infected cell:

A

Intracellular antigen expressed on the surface-> if cell infected it presents its intracellular antigens as MCH class 1-> MHC class 1 binds to cytotoxic T cell or CD8-> cytotoxic T cell gets lysed once it binds

22
Q

APC also havs ability to express:

A

MCH class 1

23
Q

B cells differentiate into:

A
  • Antibody producing plasma cells

- Memory cells

24
Q

Clonal deletion:

A

Eliminate harmful B cells, if reacts to self tissue it is eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms

25
Q

Any nucleated cell can SHOW with:

A

MCH class 1

26
Q

T helper cell is:

Cytotoxic T cell is:

A

CD4

CD8

27
Q

Results of antigen-antibody binding: (5)

A
  1. agglutination
  2. opsonization
  3. activation of complement
  4. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  5. neutralization
28
Q

Agglutination:

A

Clumping together of antigen and bringing pathogen closer

29
Q

Activation of complement

A

Binding complement helps to lyse antigenic compound

30
Q

Neutralization:

A

Antigens that bind to toxins neutralize the toxicity of that toxin

31
Q

T helper cells:

A
  • Stimulates B cell, dendritic cell, or macrophage
  • T helper cells produce cytokines
  • Make T helper cells that are also memory T helper cells
32
Q

APC:

A
  • B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage

- Can do MCH class I or II

33
Q

T cells respond to Ag by ?

A

T-cell receptors

34
Q

T cells require: ?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

35
Q

T helper cells can release a group of cytokines called:

A

Interleukins that up regulate specific immune cells that are pathogen specificities

36
Q

Cytotoxic T cells:

A

Induce apoptosis in target cell by showing MHC 1

37
Q

Only cytokine we need to know and what does it do:

A

TNF that promotes inflammation for permeability of the blood vessels

38
Q

Antibody titer:

A

Amount of Ab in serum

39
Q

Primary response:

A

Slower than secondary response because never exposed

40
Q

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance by pathogen:

A
  1. pump out drug
  2. block penetration.
  3. target modification (via natural selection)
  4. inactivate enzyme
41
Q

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells:

A
  1. Stem cells become mature B cells, each containing surface immunoglobulins against a specific antigen.
  2. B cells binds to specific antigen and proliferates.
  3. Some B cells proliferate into memory cells that can become antibody-producing plasma cells at a later time.
  4. Other B cells proliferate into antibody-producing plasma cells.
  5. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation.
  6. Antigens in circulation bind to circulating antibodies

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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