FINAL EXAM CHP. 18 Flashcards
Can phagocytose: (4)
Dendrite cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells
First adaptive vaccination:
Small Pox
Antigen stimulates:
Antibody production
B-cells: (3) **
- Mature in bone marrow
- Humoral immunity
- Produce antibodies and can become memory cells
- Can phagocytose
T-cells: (3) **
- Cannot phagocytose
- Stimulate other immune cells to kill cells
- Cellular immunity
- Mature in thymus
Different mutations on B cells (variable)=
Different antibody binding sites on B-cells
C regions on antibody binding site:
Constant (dont change)
and has structural foundation
5 classes of immunoglobulins:
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
IgG (3)
- Enhance phagocytosis and circulates bacteria (permeable)
- Can pass BBB
- Half life= 23 days
- 80% of serum AB the blood
IgM: (4)
- Not permeable due to large structure but first AB produced when infected
- Agglutinates any microbe
- Exposure to any pathogen causes up regulation of IgM in response to infection (HSV)
- Half life= 5 days
- 5-10% of serum AB
IgA:
- Prevents pathogen from attaching to mucosal membrane
- Half life= 6 days
- 10-15% of serum AB in the tissue
IgD:
- On B cells that causes immune response
- 0.2% of serum AB
- Half life= 3 days
IgE:
- Parasitic infection or allergic reaction
- Up regulates eosinophils
- 0.002% serum AB
- Half life= 2 days
Activation of B cells:
- IgM and IgD on surface
- T dependent antigens
- T independent antigens
T independent antigen activation: ?
Binding of B cell to antigen-> causes upregulation of antibodies
Humoral T dependent upregulation of B cells: antigen presenting/extracellular
Antibody on the surface of the B cell binds to the epitope on the surface of pathogen-> B cell takes the antigen inside to process it-> cuts it up-> adds it to MHC class II fragment-> placed on surface of B cell-> presents as MHC class II to immune system-> T helper cell (CD4) has T cell receptor on surface specific to the presentation-> MHC class II binds to T helper cell when there is a match-> causes release of cytokines and activates B cell to do 1.) clonal expansion to produce memory B cells through mitosis and 2.) Become antibody secreting plasma cells to release antibodies that are excreted into extracellular matrix to bind to antigen
Clonal expansion produces:
Memory B cells through mitosis
Cellular immune system, control of intracellular pathogens: ?
Intracellular antigens are expressed on the surface of an APC-> T cell binds to MHC-antigen complex on the infected cell-> activation of T cell causes release of cytokines-> cytokines activates dendritic cell or macrophage to phagocytose (B cells not first line of defense)-> cytoxic T cell (CD8) induces apoptosis of target cell.
Chemoattractant to recruit other macrophages to site of infection-> releasing cytokine/digestion of cells:
Presenting:
Innate
Adaptive
Epitope:
Outside of antigen of the pathogen that sticks out and binds to the antibody on B cell
Cell mediated response to infected cell:
Intracellular antigen expressed on the surface-> if cell infected it presents its intracellular antigens as MCH class 1-> MHC class 1 binds to cytotoxic T cell or CD8-> cytotoxic T cell gets lysed once it binds
APC also havs ability to express:
MCH class 1
B cells differentiate into:
- Antibody producing plasma cells
- Memory cells
Clonal deletion:
Eliminate harmful B cells, if reacts to self tissue it is eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms
Any nucleated cell can SHOW with:
MCH class 1
T helper cell is:
Cytotoxic T cell is:
CD4
CD8
Results of antigen-antibody binding: (5)
- agglutination
- opsonization
- activation of complement
- antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- neutralization
Agglutination:
Clumping together of antigen and bringing pathogen closer
Activation of complement
Binding complement helps to lyse antigenic compound
Neutralization:
Antigens that bind to toxins neutralize the toxicity of that toxin
T helper cells:
- Stimulates B cell, dendritic cell, or macrophage
- T helper cells produce cytokines
- Make T helper cells that are also memory T helper cells
APC:
- B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage
- Can do MCH class I or II
T cells respond to Ag by ?
T-cell receptors
T cells require: ?
Antigen-presenting cells
T helper cells can release a group of cytokines called:
Interleukins that up regulate specific immune cells that are pathogen specificities
Cytotoxic T cells:
Induce apoptosis in target cell by showing MHC 1
Only cytokine we need to know and what does it do:
TNF that promotes inflammation for permeability of the blood vessels
Antibody titer:
Amount of Ab in serum
Primary response:
Slower than secondary response because never exposed
Mechanism of antibiotic resistance by pathogen:
- pump out drug
- block penetration.
- target modification (via natural selection)
- inactivate enzyme
Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells:
- Stem cells become mature B cells, each containing surface immunoglobulins against a specific antigen.
- B cells binds to specific antigen and proliferates.
- Some B cells proliferate into memory cells that can become antibody-producing plasma cells at a later time.
- Other B cells proliferate into antibody-producing plasma cells.
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation.
- Antigens in circulation bind to circulating antibodies
