FINAL EXAM CHP. 18

Question 1

Can phagocytose: (4)

Answer 1

Dendrite cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils
B cells

Question 2

First adaptive vaccination:

Answer 2

Small Pox

Question 3

Antigen stimulates:

Answer 3

Antibody production

Question 4

B-cells: (3) **

Answer 4

• Mature in bone marrow
• Humoral immunity
• Produce antibodies and can become memory cells
• Can phagocytose

Question 5

T-cells: (3) **

Answer 5

• Cannot phagocytose
• Stimulate other immune cells to kill cells
• Cellular immunity
• Mature in thymus

Question 6

Different mutations on B cells (variable)=

Answer 6

Different antibody binding sites on B-cells

Question 7

C regions on antibody binding site:

Answer 7

Constant (dont change)

and has structural foundation

Question 8

5 classes of immunoglobulins:

Answer 8

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Question 9

IgG (3)

Answer 9

• Enhance phagocytosis and circulates bacteria (permeable)
• Can pass BBB
• Half life= 23 days
• 80% of serum AB the blood

Question 10

IgM: (4)

Answer 10

• Not permeable due to large structure but first AB produced when infected
• Agglutinates any microbe
• Exposure to any pathogen causes up regulation of IgM in response to infection (HSV)
• Half life= 5 days
• 5-10% of serum AB

Question 11

IgA:

Answer 11

• Prevents pathogen from attaching to mucosal membrane
• Half life= 6 days
• 10-15% of serum AB in the tissue

Question 12

IgD:

Answer 12

• On B cells that causes immune response
• 0.2% of serum AB
• Half life= 3 days

Question 13

IgE:

Answer 13

• Parasitic infection or allergic reaction
• Up regulates eosinophils
• 0.002% serum AB
• Half life= 2 days

Question 14

Activation of B cells:

Answer 14

• IgM and IgD on surface
• T dependent antigens
• T independent antigens

Question 15

T independent antigen activation: ?

Answer 15

Binding of B cell to antigen-> causes upregulation of antibodies

Question 16

Humoral T dependent upregulation of B cells: antigen presenting/extracellular

Answer 16

Antibody on the surface of the B cell binds to the epitope on the surface of pathogen-> B cell takes the antigen inside to process it-> cuts it up-> adds it to MHC class II fragment-> placed on surface of B cell-> presents as MHC class II to immune system-> T helper cell (CD4) has T cell receptor on surface specific to the presentation-> MHC class II binds to T helper cell when there is a match-> causes release of cytokines and activates B cell to do 1.) clonal expansion to produce memory B cells through mitosis and 2.) Become antibody secreting plasma cells to release antibodies that are excreted into extracellular matrix to bind to antigen

Question 17

Clonal expansion produces:

Answer 17

Memory B cells through mitosis

Question 18

Cellular immune system, control of intracellular pathogens: ?

Answer 18

Intracellular antigens are expressed on the surface of an APC-> T cell binds to MHC-antigen complex on the infected cell-> activation of T cell causes release of cytokines-> cytokines activates dendritic cell or macrophage to phagocytose (B cells not first line of defense)-> cytoxic T cell (CD8) induces apoptosis of target cell.

Question 19

Chemoattractant to recruit other macrophages to site of infection-> releasing cytokine/digestion of cells:

Presenting:

Answer 19

Innate

Adaptive

Question 20

Epitope:

Answer 20

Outside of antigen of the pathogen that sticks out and binds to the antibody on B cell

Question 21

Cell mediated response to infected cell:

Answer 21

Intracellular antigen expressed on the surface-> if cell infected it presents its intracellular antigens as MCH class 1-> MHC class 1 binds to cytotoxic T cell or CD8-> cytotoxic T cell gets lysed once it binds

Question 22

APC also havs ability to express:

Answer 22

MCH class 1

Question 23

B cells differentiate into:

Answer 23

• Antibody producing plasma cells

- Memory cells

Question 24

Clonal deletion:

Answer 24

Eliminate harmful B cells, if reacts to self tissue it is eliminated by apoptotic mechanisms

Question 25

Any nucleated cell can SHOW with:

Answer 25

MCH class 1

Question 26

T helper cell is: Cytotoxic T cell is:

Answer 26

CD4 CD8

Question 27

Results of antigen-antibody binding: (5)

Answer 27

1. agglutination 2. opsonization 3. activation of complement 4. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 5. neutralization

Question 28

Agglutination:

Answer 28

Clumping together of antigen and bringing pathogen closer

Question 29

Activation of complement

Answer 29

Binding complement helps to lyse antigenic compound

Question 30

Neutralization:

Answer 30

Antigens that bind to toxins neutralize the toxicity of that toxin

Question 31

T helper cells:

Answer 31

- Stimulates B cell, dendritic cell, or macrophage - T helper cells produce cytokines - Make T helper cells that are also memory T helper cells

Question 32

APC:

Answer 32

- B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage | - Can do MCH class I or II

Question 33

T cells respond to Ag by ?

Answer 33

T-cell receptors

Question 34

T cells require: ?

Answer 34

Antigen-presenting cells

Question 35

T helper cells can release a group of cytokines called:

Answer 35

Interleukins that up regulate specific immune cells that are pathogen specificities

Question 36

Cytotoxic T cells:

Answer 36

Induce apoptosis in target cell by showing MHC 1

Question 37

Only cytokine we need to know and what does it do:

Answer 37

TNF that promotes inflammation for permeability of the blood vessels

Question 38

Antibody titer:

Answer 38

Amount of Ab in serum

Question 39

Primary response:

Answer 39

Slower than secondary response because never exposed

Question 40

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance by pathogen:

Answer 40

1. pump out drug 2. block penetration. 3. target modification (via natural selection) 4. inactivate enzyme

Question 41

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells:

Answer 41

1. Stem cells become mature B cells, each containing surface immunoglobulins against a specific antigen. 2. B cells binds to specific antigen and proliferates. 3. Some B cells proliferate into memory cells that can become antibody-producing plasma cells at a later time. 4. Other B cells proliferate into antibody-producing plasma cells. 5. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation. 6. Antigens in circulation bind to circulating antibodies