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BIOL 270 > LAB EXAM #1 cont. > Flashcards

LAB EXAM #1 cont. Flashcards

1
Q

Psychrophiles:

A
  • Grow between -5C and 20C

- Found in waters of Antarctic and Arctic

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2
Q

Mesophiles:

A
  • Grow between 20C and 50C

- Most common temp range for organisms

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3
Q

Most pathogens grow between:

A

35C and 40C

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4
Q

Thermophiles:

A
  • Grow between 50C and 80C

- Found in soils or compost piles

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5
Q

Hyperthermophiles:

A
  • Grow above 80C

- Found in thermal vents or where there is volcanic activity

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6
Q

How does temperature effect metabolic factors in a cell? (3)

A
  • Enzyme function or activity
  • Cell membrane and transport
  • Ribosomes
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7
Q

Neutrophils:

A
  • Neutral pH
  • MOST bacteria are neutrophils
  • Some can grow over a range of 2-3 pH units
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8
Q

Acidophiles:

A
  • Acidic pH

- Ex: Yeast prefers a pH of 4-6

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9
Q

Alkaliphiles:

A
  • Alkaline pH

- Belong to the genus Bacillus

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10
Q

How does bacteria that grows at the extremes of the pH scale maintain their cytoplasm?

A

At a neutral pH to help prevent damage

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11
Q

7 physical agents:

A
  1. Heat: thermal death point, dry heat, moist heat, pasteurization
  2. Cold: refrigeration, freezing, freeze-drying
  3. Radiation: ultraviolet light (UV), ionizing radiation, microwave
  4. Sonic and ultrasonic waves
  5. Filtration
  6. Drying
    7`. Osmosis
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12
Q

Thermal death point:

A

Temp that kills all bacteria in broth in 10 min

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13
Q

Dry heat: (3)

A
  • Oxidizes molecules
  • SLOW penetration
  • Metal, glassware
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14
Q

Moist heat: (2)

A
  • Denatures proteins

- RAPID penetration

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15
Q

2 mechanisms of moist heat:

A
  1. Boiling water: kills vegetative cells not spores
  2. Autoclave:
    - steam under pressure
    - kills spores
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16
Q

Cold physical agents:

A

Slows enzyme controlled reactions- doesn’t kill

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17
Q

Refrigeration:

A

At (-5C), food is good for a few days

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18
Q

Freezing: (3)

A
  • At (-20C), slows chemical reactions a lot
  • At (-78C). stores microbes in glycerol
  • Long term storage
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19
Q

Freeze-drying:

A
  • Lyophilization: microbes dried (vacuum) while frozen

- Long term preservation

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20
Q

UV radiation: (3)

A
  • 200 nm range
  • Damages DNA
  • Poor penetration
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21
Q

Ionizing radiation: (4)

A
  • X-rays, gamma rays
  • Damages DNA
  • Deep penetration
  • Good for plastic
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22
Q

Microwave:

A

Lower frequence of radiation

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23
Q

Sonic and ultrasonic waves:

A
  • Sonication causes cavitation in cell cytoplasm

- Bacteria killed

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24
Q

Filtration: (4)

A
  • Small pore size: 25um to 0.025um
  • Can sterilize
  • Good for drugs
  • Alternative to pasteurization
25
Q

Drying: (3)

A
  • Ancient practice
  • Sun dried food
  • Hot air
26
Q

Osmotic pressure:

A

-High sugar and salt-> hyperosmotic conditions

A. Plasmolysis: cell ruptures

27
Q

Stage:

A

Knob that supports microscope slide

28
Q

Lenses:

A

Oculars, have a magnification of 10X

29
Q

4 microscope objectives in order:

A

4X: red, scanning
10X: yellow, low power
40X: blue, high power
100X: white, oil immersion

30
Q

Condenser:

A
  • Located under stage

- Collects and directs light from the lamp to the slide

31
Q

Diaphragm:

A

Controls the amount of light that enters the condenser

32
Q

Coarse focus knob:

A

Used with 4x and 10x objectives to bring slide into FOCUS

33
Q

Fine focus knob:

A

Used with 40x and 100x objectives to SHARPEN image

34
Q

Ability to go from one objective to another and not lose sight of the specimen is called:

A

Parafocal

35
Q

What parts of the microscope are necessary for cleaning with lens paper?

A
  • oculars
  • objectives
  • condensers
36
Q

How to center specimen on microscope?

A

Mechanical stage knobs

37
Q

Purpose of oil immersion:

A

To bend light-> increasing resolution

38
Q

Where is E. coli found?

A

Intestines of animals and humans

39
Q

Where is S. aureus found?

A

Normal flora of body

40
Q

As objective magnification goes up:

A

Field of view decreases

41
Q

4X diameter of field of view in microns:

A

5,000

42
Q

10X diameter of field of view in microns:

A

2,000

43
Q

40X diameter of field of view in microns:

A

500

44
Q

100X diameter of field of view in microns:

A

200

45
Q

What happens to serratia marcescens when it reaches 37C or higher?

A

Loses its enzyme that produces the red pigment-> it is clear

46
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Observed that hand washing is important in preventing the spread of diseases

47
Q

3 main groups of the normal flora that inhabit the human skin:

A
  1. Diphtheroids
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Fungi
48
Q

Nosocomial infections:

A
  • Hopsital acquired infections

- Ex: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

49
Q

Diphetheroids:

A
  • Prefer oily regions of skin

- Degrade fatty secretions in hair follicles

50
Q

Staphylococci: (4)

A
  • Coagulase-negative
  • Salt tolerant
  • Grow in dry areas
  • Beneficial because they produce antimicrobial compounds
51
Q

Fungi:

A
  • Nonpathogenic yeast that uses fatty substances

- Found on face as flaky skin around nose

52
Q

Disinfectants:

A

Substances that are applied to inanimate objects to kill or reduce microorganisms. Harsh and damaging to living tissue

53
Q

Antimicrobial:

A

Agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms

54
Q

Antibiotic:

A

Low molecular weight antimicrobials that are produced by microorganism that inhibit or kill other bacteria

55
Q

First line of defense that battle diseases:

A

Antimicrobials and antibiotics

56
Q

Kirby-Bauer method:

A

Standardized test used to determine the sensitivity or resistance of a bacteria to a antimicrobial agent

57
Q

How is the Kirby-Bauer method performed?

A

With Mueller-Hinton agar plates and disks that have specific antibiotics and concentrations

58
Q

Responsible for observing penicillin species inhibiting the growth of S. aureus?

A

Alexander Fleming

59
Q

Responsible for the purification of penicillin:

A
  • Howard Florey
  • Norman Heatley
  • Ernest Chan

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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