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BIOL 270 > FINAL EXAM CHP. 15 > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM CHP. 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of disease:

A
  • Objective and measurable

- Vital signs

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2
Q

Symptoms of disease

A
  • Subjective to patient

- Difficult to quantify

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3
Q

Syndrome:

A

Specific group of signs and sxs characteristic of a particular disease

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4
Q

Disease:

A

Condition where normal structure or functions of the body are damaged or impaired

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5
Q

Asymptomatic or subclinical:

A

No noticeable signs or symptoms

-Ex: HSV

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6
Q

Most dangerous mode of transmission:

A

Airborne

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7
Q

Infectious disease:

A

Any disease caused by pathogen

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8
Q

Communicable infectious disease:

A

Spread from person to person through direct or indirect mechanisms

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9
Q

Noncommunicable infectious disease:

A

Not spread from one person to another

-Ex: Tetanus

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10
Q

Contagious disease:

A

Infectious communicable disease

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11
Q

Iatrogenic disease:

A

Contracted from medical procedure

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12
Q

Zoonotic disease:

A

Transmitted from animal to human

Ex: Rabies, west nile virus `

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13
Q

Noninfectious disease:

A

Not caused by pathogens

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14
Q

Cellular pathogens:

A

Parasites
Protozoa
Fungi

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15
Q

Acellular pathogens:

A

Virus and prions

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16
Q

Acute disease:

A

Short-term

-Ex: Influenza

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17
Q

Latent disease:

A

Begins late

-Ex: HSV

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18
Q

Chronic disease:

A

Long-term

-Ex: Cirrhosis

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19
Q

Koch’s postulates:

A
  1. Suspected pathogen must be found in every case of disease and not be found in healthy individuals
  2. Suspected pathogen can be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. Healthy test subject infected with suspected pathogen must develop the same signs and sxs as seen in postulate 1
  4. Pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and must be identical to pathogen from postulate 2
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20
Q

LD50:

A
  • Dose necessary for lethal dose of 50% of population

- Lower LD50= the less pathogens it takes to kill 50% of population= more pathogenic/deadly

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21
Q

ID50:

A

Dose necessary for infectious dose of 50% of population

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22
Q

Portal of entry:

A 
Eye
Mouth
Nose
Vagina
Urethra
Placenta 
Anus
Broken skin
Insect bite
Shaving
Needle
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23
Q

Virulence:

A

How pathogenic an organism is

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24
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

Ability of microbial agent to cause disease

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25
Q

Primary pathogen:

A

Causes disease in host regardless if host is healthy

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26
Q

Opportunistic pathogen:

A

Only causes disease when host is immunocompromised

  • Ex: S. epidermis
  • Forms biofilms on catheters and secretes EPS (signal within biofilm)
27
Q

Candida:

A

Fungus, yeast

-Ex: Thrush

28
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Origin and development of disease

29
Q

Pathogens capable of crossing placental barrier:

A

TORCH

30
Q

Adhesin:

A

Glycoprotein or protein used for attachment, typically to a host receptor cell

31
Q

Stages of pathogenesis:

A 
Exposure
Attachment (adhesin)/ multiplication
Invasion
Infection
Signs and sxs
32
Q

Invasion:

A

Invade new region for nutrients

33
Q

Infection:

A

Infect area of body containing pathogen

34
Q

Emia:

A

Pathogens in blood

35
Q

Bacteremia:

A

Bacteria in blood

36
Q

Viremia:

A

Virus in blood

37
Q

Toxemia:

A

Toxins in blood

38
Q

Septemia:

A

Bacteria present and multiplying in blood

39
Q

Shock:

A

Decreased blood pressure

40
Q

Edema stages:

A

Phagosome phagocytoses pathogen-> phagosome releases TNF-> causes inflammation/fever-> TNF binds to capillaries and increases permeability-> fluid passes out of blood vessel into tissue-> causes edema

41
Q

Goal of edema:

A

To get more immune cells to that site

42
Q

Hyaluronidase:

A
  • Enzyme expressed by H. pylori that degrades attachment between cells-> invasion of new tissue
  • Virulence factor
43
Q

What is the gene for hyaluronidase kept on?

A

Plasmids to share via conjugation

44
Q

Exoenzymes:

A

Enzyme expressed outside the body/pathogen

45
Q

Endotoxin:

A
  • Component of pathogen

- Ex: Lipid A of LPS

46
Q

Exotoxin:

A
  • Outside
  • Heat labile
  • Very low LD50
  • Ex: Collagenase
47
Q

Capsule:

A

Provides protection from macrophages being able to engulf

48
Q

Exoenzyme protease: (3)

A
  • Makes it difficult for immune system to attack
  • Kept on plasmids and spread through conjugation
  • Virulence factor
49
Q

Collagenase

A
  • Enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen and assist in destroying extracellular structures in the pathogenesis of bacteria
  • Virulence factor
50
Q

Hemagglutinin:

A
  • Spike that attaches to the host and sticks out of virus to make antibodies against it to develop memory of that virus
  • Put into flu vaccines against Influenza
51
Q

Lipid A:

A
  • Lipid component of an endotoxin that is responsible for the toxicity of gram (-) bacteria
  • Causes innate response
52
Q

Antigenic drift:

A

Small changes/mutations in gene that causes hemagglutinin to change-> YES natural selection

53
Q

Antigenic shift:

A
  • Large genomic change to genetically change organism-> NO natural selection
  • **Coinfection of 2 different strains/viral genomes
54
Q

Neuraminidase:

A

Enzyme that allows new mature virus to leave the host

55
Q

Binds to receptor on host so virus can’t leave:

Dissolves receptors, allowing mature virus to leave:

A

Hemagglutinin

Neuraminidase

56
Q

B subunit in A-B exotoxins:

A

To attach to host cell and get A subunit inside

57
Q

A subunit in A-B exotoxins:

A

To create toxic response once inside cell

58
Q

Cholera A-B exotoxin:

A

B subunit binds to epithelial intestinal cells-> absorption of A subunit-> inappropriate release of ions into intestines-> excretes water-> hypertonic environment-> severe dehydration

59
Q

Diphtheria A-B exotoxin:

A

B subunit binds to cell-> A subunit forms reaction and inhibits ribosome from functioning-> cell can’t make proteins-> cell dies

60
Q

Botulinum exotoxin:

A

Toxin inhibits release of acetylcholine-> prevents contraction of the muscle

61
Q

Tetanus exotoxin:

A

GABA never released-> constant release of acetylcholine-> constant contraction of muscle

62
Q

Phospholipase C:

A

Degrades phospholipids

63
Q

Evading immune system:

A
  • Degrades antibody so it doesn’t signal immune cells

- Capsules

64
Q

Fimbrae:

A

Composed of proteins that used as attachment to host surface

-Without it bacteria would get washed out

BIOL 270 (26 decks)

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