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Bpk 205 > Lec 22 > Flashcards

Lec 22 Flashcards

1
Q

During ventricular ejection, blood presuure

A

will cause arteries to stretch and expand and store pressure in elastic walls

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2
Q

During isovolumc ventricular relaxation, how blood goes forward

A

the pressure that was stored in elastic walls, will recoil to maintain pressure

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3
Q

blood presuure measured in

A

arteries

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4
Q

pulse pressure

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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5
Q

mean arterial pressure formula

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

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6
Q

why MAP formula is like that

A

as bloood spend less time in systolic than diastolic

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7
Q

MAP calculation in 120/80 BP

A

80 +1/3(120-80)=80+13.3=93.3

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8
Q

MAP illustrates

A

Mass balance

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9
Q

what do we mean by mass balance

A

what comes in, should go out

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10
Q

MAP minimum

A

60

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11
Q

two main ways bp is regulated

A

1- fluid loss/retention of kidneys
2- arterial tone -> vasodilation/vasoconstriction

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12
Q

four elements acting on MAP

A

1- Blood vloume
2- CArdiac output
3- resistance of system
4- relative distribution of blood (mass balance)

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13
Q

if MAP increase what have happened to four major elements

A

1- blood vol. increase (higher intake/lower loss)
2- cardiac output increases
3- resistance increase
4- diameter of veins decrease

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14
Q

cardiac output increase by (2 factors)

A

1- higher HR – dual input sym/parasym
2- Higher SV – contractility only by sympathetic

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15
Q

higher resistance is due to

A

lower diameter of arterioles

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16
Q

lower diameter of veins is leads to (4step in order)

A

1- higher venous constriction
2- higher venous return
3- higher sv
4- higher MAp

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17
Q

two systems acting in response of increase in BV/Bp

A

1- cardiovascular
2- renal system

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18
Q

response to high BV is —- feedback

A

negative

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19
Q

high BV triggers two different response

A

1- fast response (sec-min)
2- slow response (hour-days)

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20
Q

slow response to BP

A

compensation by kidneys (excretion of fluid in urine

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21
Q

fast response to high bp

A

compensation by cardiovascular system
1- vasodilation
2- lower CO

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22
Q

arteriole resistance formula

A

Ln/r^4 (n is viscosity)

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23
Q

in resistance formula — and — is not changing

A

length and viscosity

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24
Q

radius can be changed by changes in

A

vascular smooth muscle

25
Q

changes in vascular muscle is due to

A

*local factors:
1- Myogenic response
2- paracrine
*3-Sympathetic nervous system

26
Q

Myogenic autoregulation

A

constriction blood flow in response to increase pressure

27
Q

myogenic is

A

wall of muscle from within

28
Q

myogenic autoregulation pathway

A

1-pressure high
2- stretch in arteriole
3- open mechanically gated channels on smooth muscles
4- cell depolarize
5- opens voltage gated Ca channels
6- CA in smooth muscle (4 output)

29
Q

Ca in smooth muscle will lead to

A

1- high contraction
2- higher arteriolar resistance
3- lower blood flow
4- lower pressure through vessel

30
Q

myogenic response will hepl an organ to

A

maintain a constant blood flow as changes in perfusion pressure

31
Q

Paracrine release

A

1- Active hyperemia
2- reactive hypermia

32
Q

Active hyperemia

A

matching flow to metabolic demand
muscles working harder

33
Q

active hypermia patheway

A

1- higher tissue metabolism
2- metabolites released from local cells act on arterile smooth muscle
3- smooth muscle decrease cross-bridge cycling
4- vasodilation
5- lower resistance
6- higher blood flow

34
Q

some paracrine cause relaxation of muscle cells

A

O2/CO2/H+/NO/ADP

35
Q

Reactive hypermia

A

1- lower blood flow due to blockage
2- build up metabolites (vasodilators in ECF)
3- arteriole dilate but flow still blocked
4- faster pace will wash blockage
5- short period of increased blood flow as low resistance
6- metabolites wash out
7- arterioles regain normal tone

36
Q

SNS exert tonic control on

A

MOST arteriole resistance

37
Q

SNS tonic control via

A

1- NPH
2- ephinephrine

38
Q

Norepinephrine pathway

A

1- NPH release from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
2- bind alpha 1- adrenergic receptor on smooth muscles
3- alpha 1 coupled to Gq proteins (activate PLC)
4- increase in IP3
5- increase Ca release from SR– IP3
6- smooth muscle cell contraction (vasoconstriction)

39
Q

Contraction increases during –

A

exercise and stress

40
Q

higher expression of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors in

A

skin and visceral organs (GI tract)
to have more blood for muscles

41
Q

Epinephrine pathway

A

1- release from adrenal medulla
2- during fight/flight- or exercise
3- act on betta 2 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles, heart ,liver
4- Betta 2 coupled to Gs
5- cAMP activation
6- cause smooth muscle relaxation
7- contraction decrease during exercise

42
Q

higher expression of betta 2 receptors on

A

vascular smooth muscle supplying heart, lungs, liver
more blood supply during fight/flight

43
Q

central control of MAP

A

Baroreceptor reflex

44
Q

Baroreceptors are – sensors

A

pressure

45
Q

baroreceptors are located in

A

wall of carotid sinus and aortic arch

46
Q

baroreceptors are

A

nerve endings with stretch-activated channels

47
Q

baroreceptor reflex is —-

A

tonically active
always active more or less

48
Q

baroreceptor stimulus

A

high pressure

49
Q

baroreceptor effect on

A

1- open more channels
2- more depolarization
3- higher AP frequency

50
Q

baroreceptor reflex ensures

A

adequate blood flow to heart and brain

51
Q

baroreceptor sensor

A

carotid and aortic baroreceptor

52
Q

baroreceptor integrating center

A

medullary cardiovascular control center

53
Q

baroreceptor integrating center will effect on

A

1- parasympathetic neurons
2- sympathetic neurons
always one active one inactive

54
Q

Parasympathetic neuron will

A

release more ACh on muscarinic receptor in SA node
-lower HR
–lower CO
—lower BP
—-lower MAP

55
Q

sympathetic neuron will

A

release less NE on
1- alpha receptor (arteriolar smooth muscle)
2- betta 1 receptors (ventricular myocardium and SA node)

56
Q

alpha receptor (arteriolar smooth muscle) when less NE release

A

vasodilation
-lower periheral resistance
–lower BP
—lower MAP

57
Q

betta 1 receptors (ventricular myocardium) when less NE release

A

lower force of contraction
-lower SV
–lower CO
—lower BP
—-lower MAP

58
Q

betta 1 receptors (SA node) when less NE release

A

lower HR
-lower CO
–lower BP
—lower MAP

59
Q

lowering MAP will have —- feedback directly on —-

A

negative
on baroreceptors in arteries and aorta

Bpk 205 (30 decks)

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