Lec 05

Question 1

Hormones secretion

Answer 1

From endocrine tissue or glands

Question 2

Properties of Hormone

Answer 2

1-Cell-to-cell communication
2-Binding to target receptor initiate cellular response
3-Communication is eventually terminated
4-Half life= time for hormone conc. To decrease by 1/2

Question 3

Cell-to-cell communication hormones

Answer 3

1- chemical signals
2- transport by blood to distant targets

Question 4

Hormones communication eventually is terminated

Answer 4

1-limiting secretion
2-removing/inactivating hormone
3-terminate target cell activity

Question 5

Hormone classified based in:

Answer 5

1- source
2- receptor
3- chemical structure
4- function

Question 6

Peptide vs protein hormone

Answer 6

Peptide is smaller
Protein is larger

Question 7

Peptide/protein hormones

Answer 7

1- made in endocrine cells
2- made in advance(preprohormone: large ,inactive with 1 or more copies of final peptide) and stored in vesicles
3- PREPROHORMONE—PROHORMONE—HORMONE(series of post-translational modifications)
4- Final hormone is active
5- Released into ECF by Exocytosis
6- Diffuses from ECF into blood
7- Half-life is short
8- Lipophilic—bind membrane receptors
9- Active secondary messenger
10- Response: altered activity of target proteins

Question 8

Steroid hormones are made by demand

Answer 8

Memorize

Question 9

Steroid hormones

Answer 9

-made from cholesterol
-made in adrenal glands,kidney,skin,gonads,placenta
-final hormone is lipophilic-CANNOT BE STORED
-made in SER

Question 10

Smooth ER functions

Answer 10

1- store Ca ion
2- synthesis steroid hormones

Question 11

Peptide hormone example

Answer 11

Insulin
Glucagon

Question 12

Steroid hormones example

Answer 12

Sex hormones

Question 13

Steroid hormone movement

Answer 13

1- Simple diffusion into blood (due to lipophilic)
2- bound to carrier protein in blood (have longer half time)
3- intracellular receptors: cytosolic/nuclear — regulation of gene activity — slow response
4- membrane receptors: fast response

Question 14

Amine hormones

Answer 14

-Made in pineal gland, adrenal medulla,thyroid
-derived from tyrosine
-CATECHOLAMINES(Neurohormones)AND THYROID

Question 15

Catecholamine

Answer 15

Characteristics similar to peptide hormones
-lipophobic
-stored for release
-short half time

Question 16

Thyroid hormones

Answer 16

Characteristics similar to thyroid hormone
-lipophilic
-made on demand
-requires carrier protein
-long half life
-genomic response

Question 17

Exocrine vs Endocrine glands

Answer 17

Secretory cells may be scattered among other epithelial tissue cells

Question 18

Endocrine glands

Answer 18

Connecting cells disappears
Blood vessels are must
Ex, insulin, oxytocin

Question 19

Exocrine glands

Answer 19

Ex. From pancreas to small intestine
Sweat glands
Oil glands

Question 20

Pancreas

Answer 20

Dual function— endocrine and exocrine

Question 21

Endocrine Pancreas

Answer 21

1-Alpha cells — secrete glucagon
2-Betta cells — secrete insulin

Question 22

Exocrine pancreas

Answer 22

Acinar cellls and duct cells

Question 23

Hormones may regulate

Answer 23

1- rate of enzymatic reaction
2- transport of ions across cell membrane
3- gene expression or protein synthesis

Question 24

Cellular mechanism depends on

Answer 24

1- presence and location of target cells
2- specific signaling pathways

Question 25

Pituitary gland

Answer 25

Two glands fuse together -posterior pituitary is neural tissue -anterior pituitary is endocrine tissue

Question 26

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 26

extension of Neural tissue Secret neurohormones Ex. Oxytocin

Question 27

Anterior pituitary

Answer 27

Endocrine gland of epithelial origin Secrete six hormones

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

Controls the release of hormones from anterior pituitary by neurohormones

Question 29

Posterior pituitary gland secrete

Answer 29

1- neurohormone is made and packaged in cell body 2- vesicles transported down the cell to posterior pituitary gland 3- vesicles exocytosis 4- vesicles of neurohormones are stored in posterior pituitary 4- neurohormones are released to blood

Question 30

Anterior pituitary gland secrete:

Answer 30

1- hypothalamic neurons synthesize neurohormones and release them into capillaries of the portal system 2- portal veins carry neurohormone directly to anterior pituitary, act as endocrine cells 3- endocrine cells release peptide hormones

Question 31

Anterior pituitary gland example

Answer 31

TRH from hypothalamus TSH from anterior pituitary TSH stimulate thyroid production int thyroid gland