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Bpk 205 > Lec 14 > Flashcards

Lec 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory system

A

Uses free nerve ending

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2
Q

From air to brain

A

Olfactory neuron—cilia(dendrite) receptors
Olfactory bulb— synapses are find
Olfactory tract—#2 neuron axon goes to olfactory cortex

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3
Q

Bone between nose and brain

A

Ethmoid Bone

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4
Q

Cilia(dendrite like)

A

Cilia project downward into mucous layer
Cilia have odorant receptor proteins GPCRS

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5
Q

Supporting cell

A

1- stem cell
2- can replace olfactory sensory neurons

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6
Q

Mucous layer

A

-Odorant must dissolve into this layer
-Odorant must bind to specific odorant receptors(GPCR)

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7
Q

How many different Odorant receptor in human?

A

400 different odorant receptors
ALL ARE GPCRS
combination of activated receptors and neurons allow us to smell 5000 odors

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8
Q

Signal transduction in olfactory

A

1-Odor bind to G protein-coupled receptor
2-Activated G protein activate adenylyl cyclase
3-Adenylyl cyclase convert ATP to cAMP(secondary messenger)
4-cAMP open cyclic-nucleotide gated Na channels
5-Sufficient Receptor potential
6-Produce AP at axon hillock

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9
Q

Specialized G protein for olfactory tranduction

A

Golf

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10
Q

Olfactory sensory pathway

A

1- olfactory neurons
2- cranial nerve I
3- olfactory bulb
4- olfactory tract
5- olfactory cortex
6.1- limbic system
6.2- cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Olfactory connection with limbic system

A

Smell is linked to emotion and memory

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12
Q

——— are similar and hand to hand with olfactory

A

Taste sensors

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13
Q

Each taste buds is ——— taste cells

A

50-150

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14
Q

Taste cells are

A

Non-neural

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15
Q

Each taste cell is

A

Sensitive to particular tastant ligand
Polarized:
—receptor at apical membrane
—1 sensory neuron communication at basal membrane

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16
Q

Intracellular signaling pathway is ——— for each taste cell

A

Different

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17
Q

Different tastes

A

Sweet
Umami
Bitter
sour
*different GOCR for each one

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18
Q

Type I support cells

A

May sense salt when Na enters channel
ENAC

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19
Q

Receptor cells (type II)

A

Sweet/umami/bitter
Release ATP as messenger

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20
Q

Presynaptic cell (III)

A

Feels sour
Activate by H(+)
Release serotonin as messanger

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21
Q

Primary sensory neurons

A

Two different kind
—Sensitive to ATP
—Sensitive to serotonin

22
Q

Type II pathway

A

Different GOCR for each taste
Release if Calcium ion
Calcium triggers ATP release

23
Q

Type III pathway

A

Ph drop
H(+) enters the cell
Ca rushes in from ECF
Serotonin production

24
Q

What is sound

A

Sound is perception and interpretation of air waves

25
Q

Pressure wave

A

Sinusoidally varying density of air molecules

26
Q

Volume/Loudness

A

Amplitude of a sound wave
Measured in dB

27
Q

Pitch

A

Frequency of sound wave
Measured in Hz

28
Q

External ear

A

pinna :direct sound waves into ear
Ear canal: air filled space

29
Q

Boundary of external and middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane

30
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Drum vibrate
Convert sound wave to mechanical stress

31
Q

Middle ear

A

Air filled space
bones from external to internal
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

32
Q

Boundary middle and inner ear

A

Oval window
Round window
separate air field from fluid field
Convert mechanical energy to fluid wave energy

33
Q

Inner ear

A

Fluid filled
Cochlea + nerves

34
Q

Cochlea function

A

Balance
Hearing
Equilibrium

35
Q

How AP fires?

A

1- fluid wave created in cochlea by oval window
2- fluid waves push on cochlear duct membrane
3- hair cells bend and ion channels open
4-create electrical signals
5- release neurotransmitters
6- neurotransmitters on sensory cell create AP

36
Q

Ap travel from sensory neuron to brain by

A

Cochlear duct

37
Q

Energy wave moves from ———

A

cochlear duct to tympanic duct and go back to middle ear from round window

38
Q

Cochlear duct name

A

Endolymph
high in K

39
Q

Vestibular and tympanic duct name

A

Perilymph
**connected together **

40
Q

Organ of corti function

A

Signal transduction
Graded potential

41
Q

Endolymph composition is similar to

A

ICF

42
Q

How hair cells release neurotransmitters

A

1- Basilar membrane on bottom
2- Ridge of epithelial cell above that(support cells + hair cells)
3- Cilia of hair cells embedded in tactorial membrane
4- fluid wave move tactorial membrane which moves cilia
5- cilia is mechanically gated channels
Which will open by tactorial movement
6-opening cause release of neurotransmitters

43
Q

Tip link

A

Cilias are connected together by tip link
Which if you pull on cilia, all cilia will move

44
Q

Which ion flow when mechanically gated channels open on sterocilia

A

Ca and K

45
Q

Excitation and inhibition of cilia cells

A

When hair cells bend in one direction, cell depolarizes, which increase AP frequency

When hair cells bend in opposite direction, ion channel close and cell hyperpolarize

46
Q

Sterocilia excitation will produce

A

Receptor potential which is made by K go inside the cell

47
Q

as basilar membrane moves further from oval window, it gets

A

Wider, thinner, more flexible
Which increase the sensitivity to low frequencies

48
Q

Regional differences

A

High frequency is sensed in closer distance to oval window

Lower frequency further from oval window

49
Q

Labeled line coding from basilar membrane

A

Different pathway
Different input
Different frequencies

Brain can differentiate

50
Q

Auditory pathway

A

Sound waves goes to
1- cochlea (left/right)
2- brainstem cross over happens
3- thalamus
4- auditory cortex (left/right)

Bpk 205 (30 decks)

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