Lec 10-11

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

Brain/spinal cord

Question 2

Brain protect by

Answer 2

Bones of cranium

Question 3

Spinal cord protect by

Answer 3

Bones of vertebral column

Question 4

Meninges

Answer 4

Tissue membrane
Stabilize and protect neural tissue
Lie between bones and brain/spinal cord

Question 5

Meninges parts from out to in

Answer 5

1- Dura meter
2- Arachnoid membrane
3- Pia meter

Question 6

Ventricles of brain

Answer 6

4 ventricles
-within ventricles CSF produce

Question 7

Functions of CSF

Answer 7

1- Physical Protection
——keeps brain tissue buoyant(reduce pressure)
——absorbs shock

2- Chemical Protection
——delivering nutrients to the brain
——removing waste
——allow tightly regulated extracellular environment

Question 8

CSF is produced in

Answer 8

Choroid Plexus of ventricles

Question 9

Choroid plexus

Answer 9

-Meeting of capillaries and ependymal cells
-Plasma filtered into ventricles
-Ependymal cells selectively transport solutes, water flow by osmosis
-transport ions and nutrients from blood to cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

CSF composition

Answer 10

Similar chemical composition to plasma but
——very low protein content in CSF

Question 11

CSF is absorbed from subarachnoid space into venous circulation by——

Answer 11

Arachnoid villi

Question 12

Total volume of CSF in adult

Answer 12

150 ml
-rate of secretion and absorption is equal

Question 13

Subarachnoid space

Answer 13

Filled with CSF

Question 14

Tight junction

Answer 14

Prevent moving larger solutes between endothelial cells

Question 15

Astrocyte foot processes

Answer 15

Secrete paracrine onto endothelial cells that promote tight junction formation

Question 16

Blood-Brain-Barrier

Answer 16

Blood-brain is leaky without astrocytes
Tight junction are caused by paracrine which is produced by astrocyte

Question 17

Metabolic needs of neural tissue

Answer 17

1- Oxygen:
——pass freely across BBB
2- Glucose:
——need transporters - trancellularly
——only replacement is ketone——emergency situations
——brain consumption is about 20% of body total amount
——hypoglycemia leads to confusion

Question 18

Gray matter

Answer 18

Nucleus
Dendrite/synapses
Deep inside or peripheral in BRAIN

Question 19

White matter

Answer 19

Tracts of myelinated axon fibers
Lots of myelin

Question 20

Dorsal root

Answer 20

Posterior sensory
Bringing information to brain
Dorsal=Sensory=Afferent

Question 21

Ventral root

Answer 21

Outgoing information from brain to body
Ventral=Motor=Efferent

Question 22

Spinal cord

Answer 22

White is peripheral
Gray central

Question 23

Ascending tract

Answer 23

Axons from Spinal cord to brain

Question 24

Descending tract

Answer 24

Axons from brain to spinal cord

Question 25

Brain compartments

Answer 25

Forebrain Brainstem Cerebellum

Question 26

Medulla

Answer 26

Network automatic function Ascending and descending tracts

Question 27

Pons

Answer 27

-some neuron for respiration -Relay station for pathway

Question 28

Midbrain

Answer 28

Network eye movement and hearing

Question 29

12 cranial nerves

Answer 29

Main nerves that project directly to/from brain rather than spinal cord

Question 30

Basal ganglia

Answer 30

Control of limb movement, eye movement, Smoothing the movements when you want Preventing movement when you don’t want

Question 31

Loss of neurons in basal ganglia

Answer 31

Huntington disease Parkinson disease

Question 32

Cerebral cortex

Answer 32

1- Frontal Lobe——think 2- Parietal Lobe——touch, smell, hear 3- Occipital Lobe ——vision 4- Temporal Lobe ——hearing

Question 33

Only lobe that is two

Answer 33

Temporal lobe

Question 34

Thalamus

Answer 34

Relay station: receive sensory and motor info

Question 35

Hypothalamus

Answer 35

Homeostasis and behavior

Question 36

Pituitary gland

Answer 36

1- anterior: secrete hormones 2- posterior: secrete neurohormone that are mad in hypothalamus

Question 37

Pineal gland

Answer 37

Secrete melatonin and regulate sleep-wake cycle

Question 38

Major homeostatic control center

Answer 38

Hypothalamus

Question 39

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 39

1- maintain body temperature 2- control body osmolarity 3- influence cardiovascular control 4- secrete trophic hormones

Question 40

Limbic system

Answer 40

1- cingulate gyrus 2- hippocampus —— memory 3- amygdala —— emotion

Question 41

Cerebullum

Answer 41

Rate,range,force of movement Input: all senses Output: cortex via thalamus and spinal cord via brain stem

Question 42

Broca’s area

Answer 42

Verbally responding

Question 43

Wernicke’s area

Answer 43

Language understanding center

Question 44

Damage to wernicke

Answer 44

Receptive aphasia Loss of understanding but expression without meaning

Question 45

Damage to broca

Answer 45

Expressive Aphasia Understanding maintain but lose ability of expression