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Bpk 205 > Lec 02 > Flashcards

Lec 02 Flashcards

1
Q

By what means cells are grouped?

A

Physically and functionally

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2
Q

By what materials cell are grouped?

A

-Extracellular matrix
-Special cell adhesion proteins

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3
Q

ECM has variable —————?

A

Consistency

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4
Q

ECM different consistency

A

1- Bone
2- Blood

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5
Q

Cell junction types

A

1- Gap junction — heart contract as a whole
2- Tight junction — lumen, making a barrier
3- Anchoring junction — anchor cells to ECM or to each others

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6
Q

Gap junction example

A

Connexin proteins

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7
Q

Tight junction example

A

Claudin and Occludin proteins

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8
Q

Anchor junction example

A

Desmosome: cell-to-cell anchoring Ex:
Cadherin proteins

Hemidesmosomes: cell-to-ECM anchoring

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9
Q

Four major tissue types of body

A

1- Epithelial
2- Connective tissue cells
3- Muscle
4- Neural

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-Found at surfaces
-Protect internal environment of the body AND regulate exchange of materials

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11
Q

Epithelial cell types

A

Exchange, protective, ciliated, transporting, secretory

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

MADE:
Cells and collagen
FUNCTION:
Structural support AND physical barriers

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13
Q

Connective cell types

A

Blood cell, bone cell, fibroblast

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14
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Generate contractile force

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15
Q

Muscle cell type

A

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

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16
Q

Neural tissue function

A

NEURONS:
Info transfer (chemical/electrical)
GLIAL CELLS:
Support for neurons

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue types

A

1– exchange: lungs gas transport
2- protective: epidermis
3- ciliated: protection upper airways
4- secretory: secret oil/sweat
5- transporting: small instestine

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18
Q

Apical

A

Faces out of body

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19
Q

Basolateral

A

Faces ECM and ECF membrane

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20
Q

Connective tissue types

A

1- loose — beneath the skin — fibroblasts
2- dense — strength and flexibility — smooth muscles
3- adipose tissue
4- blood — rbc/wbc
5- cartilage — fat cells
6- bone

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21
Q

Only excitable cells

A

Muscle and neural tissue

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22
Q

Membrane transport

A

Across cell membrane (physical barrier)
Selectively permeable (small and hydrophobic can pass)
Membrane: hydrophobic bilayer
Transport depends on lipid/protein composition

23
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Lipid solubility/molecular size
HIGHLY PERMEABLE: gases, small lipophilic

24
Q

Membrane permeability can be enhanced

A

-May need membrane proteins/vesicular transport
-May need energy
-Endocytosis/exocytosis

25
Q

Non facilitated transport

A

Simple diffusion

26
Q

Facilitated transport

A

Protein-mediated transport
(Channels vs transporters)
Passive vs active

27
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis

28
Q

Diffusion

A

From higher to lower concentration (down chemical concentration)
Passive — no energy
Simple diffusion: across phospholipid bilayer — lipophilic molecules
Facilitated diffusion: protein-mediated transport

29
Q

Fick law diffusion

A

Rate of diffusion:
Surface area * concentration gradient * membrane permeability
(All have positive effects)

30
Q

Membrane permeability will increase by:

A

Lipid solubility increases
Or
Molecular size decrease

31
Q

Protein roles

A

Structural: connect to cytoskeleton, form cell junction
Enzymes: catalyze reaction
Membrane transport: channels and carriers
Receptors: cell signaling

32
Q

Protein-mediated membrane transport

A

Large or lipophobic atoms and molecules

33
Q

Protein-mediated transport types

A

Facilitated/passive diffusion:
move down the concentration gradient towards equilibrium
Active transport/need energy:
move against the concentration gradient and away from equilibrium

34
Q

Facilitated diffusion example

A

Ions

35
Q

Active transport ex.

A

Glucose

36
Q

Channels

A

-Water filled pore connecting ecf and icf
- Facilitated diffusion—always passive transport (only down the gradient)
Allow to pass: small/water/ion (na/k/ca/cl)
- most have gates
- transport is fast

37
Q

Carriers/transporters

A

-Open to one side or the other
-Facilitated diffusion or active transport
-may be selective
-can carry larger molecules
-Slower than channels
-might be down or up the gradient
-might need ATP

38
Q

Type of channels

A

1-Passive/leak channels
2-Voltage-gated channels
3-Ligand-gated channels
4-Mechanically-gated channels

39
Q

Passive/leak channels

A

Always open
Potassium ion

40
Q

Voltage-gated channel

A

Open and close in response to change in membrane voltage

41
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

Open when specified chemical molecules binds to channel protein
-Drug/Hormone

42
Q

Mechanically-gated channel

A

Open and close due to physical disturbance of membrane

43
Q

Selective depends on:

A

1- diameter of the pore
2- electrical charge of amino acid lining

44
Q

Membrane carriers proteins

A

Sodium-Glucose Transporter
Facilitated or active transport
Inward-facing vs outward-facing

45
Q

Carrier proteins types

A

1-Uniport carriers —only one kind of substrate
2-Symport carries —move two substrates in the same direction
3-Antiport carriers —move substrates in opposite directions

46
Q

Antiport carriers energy usage

A

Not all of them require energy

47
Q

Active transport

A

Move away from eq
Requires energy
2 types
-primary active transport
Directly uses ATP
-secondary active transport
Uses potential energy stored in concentration gradient
Symport/antiport mechanism

48
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

49
Q

ATP

A

1- metabolic product of glycolysis, citric cycle, electron transport
2- Release energy when phosphate bond is broken

50
Q

Na/K pump

A

Primary
3 Na out
2 K in
Make inside the cell negative

51
Q

Sodium-glucose transporter

A

Symport
Secondary transport
Uses sodium gradient energy to transport glucose

52
Q

Larger molecules transport

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis
For neurotransmitters and vesicular transport

53
Q

Transcellular Transport

A

Transport through the cell
Ion/molecule cross apical and basolateral membranes

54
Q

Paracellular Transport

A

Molecules pass between adjacent cells
Regulated by presence of tight junction

Bpk 205 (30 decks)

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