L9- Microbial Eukaryotes Flashcards by Anna Safrankova

What are protists

ME which arent fungi

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What are protozoans

ME which arent fungi and have no chloroplasts

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What do heterotroph fungi have in their cell wall

Chitin

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What are symbionts

Association of organisms of diff species eg parasitic symbionts in humans

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What 3 associations are rhere in stmbiiosis applying to ME

Mutualists

Commensals

Parasitism (pathogenic potential)

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What are obligtr symbionts

Where me need host for their life cycle

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What are facultative psthogens

Dont always cquse fisease, sometimes wre commensals

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Whqt does outcome for hostndpeend on

Own fsctors and envrionemnrg eg in terms of immunosuppression

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What are the 5 eukaryotic supergroups

Opisthokonta 
Excavata
Sar
Amoebozoa
Archaeplastida

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What aupergroup do fungi, animals/metazoa belong to

Opisthokonga

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Why do we need ti study microbial euk genomes

To study their pathogenic traits, how they communicate wirh host eg secreted molecules, develop caccines eg for malaria and diagnostics

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Whoch types of euk have lower codinf capacity of arounr 2000 orf

Intraceullar like e intestinalisis

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Which thpe of eyk have lsrge coding capscity eg 60 k genes more than humans

T vaginalisis which is extraceullary

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What are rhe 2 major ic euk

Cryptosporidium and microsporidia

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Which 2 major ec euk trhive on tissues like mucosal surfsces

Entamoeba, giardia ,and trichomonas

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Give 3 examples of how ic pathogens have different entry mechanisms

Apicomplexa- have an apical orfan
mediated entry
Kinetoplastids- lysosome mediated entry

Microsporidia - polar tube mediated entry

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Are dungi paradutic

Yes, can be mutualist and commensal too

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What does it mean when fungi called not stable pathogens

They are opportunistic eg in immunosuppression candida grows

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Give 2 examples of fungi from environment which can cause disease and what disease

Aspergillus - aspergillosis , pneumonia

Cryptococcus- pneumonia, meningitis

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Give some host adaptic microbiota that are euk fungi

Candida spp (gi trsct and vagina)

Pneumocystis spp (in lungs)

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What can candida cause

Vaginitis, mucocutaneous infections eg of skin

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What can pneumocystis cause

Pneumonia and copd

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Which article discusses candida -microbiota interactions

Rowan- nash et al 2019

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How do candida and microbiota intersct

Wuorum sensing molecules

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What does candida yeast transform into for invasion/pathogenicity

Hyphal growth occurs

Which microbiota eg in cagina can displace candida from vagina and stomach

Lactobacillus

What other effects does lactobacillus have as an antagonist

Inhibit biofilm development and hyphal morphogenssis

Which microbiota have synergistic virulence with candida spp

Staph aureus

What does staph aureus allow

Hyphal growth and biofilm formatjon to increase antibiotic resistance

What do staph and xandida cause togeher

Peritonitis

What type of pathogens are MICROSPORIDIA

Opportunistic, obligate ic fungi

Which types of animals can be infected with microsprodia

Bees, insects, humans, fish, farm animals, silk worm

What are the 2 most common microsporidia

Enterocytozoon bieneuri | Encephalitozoon intestinalisis

How di they jnfect and transmiss

Oral faecal route, via zoonotic origin or contaminated food/water, insect bites

What do they xause

Chronic diarrhoea if someoen is immunoincompetent

Where di they lay

In gut but can become systemic

How many hosts needed

1 or more

What is their toute of entry

Polar tube extrusion from spores when the spores germinate close to the host cell.

What is injected after PT extrusion

Sporoplasm

Where do they end up and what haplens

Cacuoles or cytosol of crll where they proliferate and then rleease new spores in host cell exhaustion

Which article discusses how they atay close to host cell

Han et al 2020

What did han et al 2020 find

Spore wall proteins are able to interact with gags on host cell so they stay in proximity

Which types of IET needed for microsporidia if someone develops diarrhoea

Both cd4 and cd8 crucial

Why are cd4 important

Can activate and allow cd8 prolif via il 21

Which type of cd8 allow killing of ic psrhogen infected cells

Type a: ab

What are cd8 killing microspirisa xalled

Infuced IECs due to reaponse to microsporidia ag

Give some examples of stramenopiles

Diatoms (free living algae) Oomycetes (plant parasitic) Blastocystis (animal gut parasite)

Gice some alveolates examples

Dinoflagellates (free) Ciliates (free or parasitic)! Apicomplexa - major parasites

Which apicomplexa is responsible for malaria

Plasmodium falciparum (mosquito- host life cycle)

Which apicomplexa infects cats and prey

Toxoplasma gondii

What sre the 2 speicies of cryptospordium (apicomplexa)

Parvis and hominis

How mant hosts does cryptosporidium need

1 jost - usuallt human or animal

Rxplain some cryptosporidium features

Obligate IC, ysuallt in gut, zoonotic transmission, opportjnistic

Whats the difference in infection between immuno competent and decifuencient with crypto p or h

Competnet get self limiting diarrhoea vs suppressed get chronic diarrhoea which causes death in many children

Is it asrxual or sexual

Both at siff stagea od life cycle

What forms by crypto which cuases the transmission

Cysts

What innate responses are important for crypto

Amp, dc, neutrophils, mscrophages, chemokines, apoptosis

Are cd8 crucial for crypto

No but are involved. Cd4 crucial

Which cytokines important to stop invasion of crypto

Ifn y from th1 fells , nk and cd8 cells all release it

Which antibodies are also improtnsnt in crypto killing

Iga, m, g

What recruits phagocytic killing crlls and apc

Chemokines released from infected cells Also the th1 reaponse via ifn y activates phagocytosis

Why are nk important

Kill via granzymes and perforin

How is blastocystis a good example of euk as mutualistic and parasitic

Can induce release of il 12 and il 23 which alloes th1 and th17 differentistion However causes reduced iga and amps like ll37 is degraded

What are the 2 examples of amoebozoa

Slime moulds whoch feed on bscteria Entamoeba which is hodt drrived eg e histolytica

Where does histolyirica originste

Colon causes colitis

If histolyticia migrated ti submucosal tissue what happens

Abscesses eg in liver

How does mifrobiota impact hidtlytica

Affects its virulence and together cause increased inflammation eg seen in ibd

Which excavata group host dependant have either hydrogenosomes or mitosomes

Diplomonads

Which excavata are parasitic in many animals and ate anaerobic (have hydrogenosomes)

Parabasilia

Give examples of parasitic euglenozoa

Kinetoplastids like trypanosoma or leishmania

What are rhe complex mt genomes called in some euglenozoa

Kinetoplasts

What is the most common protozoan excavata in stopl

Giardia lamblia

How does giardia lambli infect

Ofal farcal route via cysts. They are ec and in lumen of gut

What is the immune system reliant on in giardia infection at mucosa

B crlls and iga . If low levels of iga trophozoites seen to porlifefste much quicker

What supergroup is trichomonas vaginalis in

Excavata

What oyher parhogens is t vaginalis associated with

Hiv and mycoplasma

Where is vsginlais found

Urethra of blth msle and female and also the vagina

How do trophozoites of vaginalis multiply

Do they jull epi cells

Yes. They spread over them to kill which can induce inflammation

How was 16s rrna used for vaginalis

Can screen patients and see which are present. Found low lactobacillus protecting vagina and high mycoplasma

Which new species via genomics was identified

Mycoplasma giredii

How many patients with high giredii were vaginalis positive

96%

What did metagenomics allow

Reconstruct genomes of all 4 straisn of giredii

What is the relationship between vaginalis and giredii

Co evolve together and both impactnon inflammation in those sites

Are mycoplasma obligate or ec

Obligate