L9- Microbial Eukaryotes Flashcards
What are protists
ME which arent fungi
What are protozoans
ME which arent fungi and have no chloroplasts
What do heterotroph fungi have in their cell wall
Chitin
What are symbionts
Association of organisms of diff species eg parasitic symbionts in humans
What 3 associations are rhere in stmbiiosis applying to ME
Mutualists
Commensals
Parasitism (pathogenic potential)
What are obligtr symbionts
Where me need host for their life cycle
What are facultative psthogens
Dont always cquse fisease, sometimes wre commensals
Whqt does outcome for hostndpeend on
Own fsctors and envrionemnrg eg in terms of immunosuppression
What are the 5 eukaryotic supergroups
Opisthokonta Excavata Sar Amoebozoa Archaeplastida
What aupergroup do fungi, animals/metazoa belong to
Opisthokonga
Why do we need ti study microbial euk genomes
To study their pathogenic traits, how they communicate wirh host eg secreted molecules, develop caccines eg for malaria and diagnostics
Whoch types of euk have lower codinf capacity of arounr 2000 orf
Intraceullar like e intestinalisis
Which thpe of eyk have lsrge coding capscity eg 60 k genes more than humans
T vaginalisis which is extraceullary
What are rhe 2 major ic euk
Cryptosporidium and microsporidia
Which 2 major ec euk trhive on tissues like mucosal surfsces
Entamoeba, giardia ,and trichomonas
Give 3 examples of how ic pathogens have different entry mechanisms
Apicomplexa- have an apical orfan
mediated entry
Kinetoplastids- lysosome mediated entry
Microsporidia - polar tube mediated entry
Are dungi paradutic
Yes, can be mutualist and commensal too
What does it mean when fungi called not stable pathogens
They are opportunistic eg in immunosuppression candida grows
Give 2 examples of fungi from environment which can cause disease and what disease
Aspergillus - aspergillosis , pneumonia
Cryptococcus- pneumonia, meningitis
Give some host adaptic microbiota that are euk fungi
Candida spp (gi trsct and vagina)
Pneumocystis spp (in lungs)
What can candida cause
Vaginitis, mucocutaneous infections eg of skin
What can pneumocystis cause
Pneumonia and copd
Which article discusses candida -microbiota interactions
Rowan- nash et al 2019
How do candida and microbiota intersct
Wuorum sensing molecules
What does candida yeast transform into for invasion/pathogenicity
Hyphal growth occurs
Which microbiota eg in cagina can displace candida from vagina and stomach
Lactobacillus
What other effects does lactobacillus have as an antagonist
Inhibit biofilm development and hyphal morphogenssis
Which microbiota have synergistic virulence with candida spp
Staph aureus
What does staph aureus allow
Hyphal growth and biofilm formatjon to increase antibiotic resistance
What do staph and xandida cause togeher
Peritonitis
What type of pathogens are MICROSPORIDIA
Opportunistic, obligate ic fungi
Which types of animals can be infected with microsprodia
Bees, insects, humans, fish, farm animals, silk worm
What are the 2 most common microsporidia
Enterocytozoon bieneuri
Encephalitozoon intestinalisis
How di they jnfect and transmiss
Oral faecal route, via zoonotic origin or contaminated food/water, insect bites
What do they xause
Chronic diarrhoea if someoen is immunoincompetent
Where di they lay
In gut but can become systemic
How many hosts needed
1 or more
What is their toute of entry
Polar tube extrusion from spores when the spores germinate close to the host cell.
What is injected after PT extrusion
Sporoplasm
Where do they end up and what haplens
Cacuoles or cytosol of crll where they proliferate and then rleease new spores in host cell exhaustion
Which article discusses how they atay close to host cell
Han et al 2020
What did han et al 2020 find
Spore wall proteins are able to interact with gags on host cell so they stay in proximity
Which types of IET needed for microsporidia if someone develops diarrhoea
Both cd4 and cd8 crucial
Why are cd4 important
Can activate and allow cd8 prolif via il 21
Which type of cd8 allow killing of ic psrhogen infected cells
Type a: ab
What are cd8 killing microspirisa xalled
Infuced IECs due to reaponse to microsporidia ag
Give some examples of stramenopiles
Diatoms (free living algae)
Oomycetes (plant parasitic)
Blastocystis (animal gut parasite)
Gice some alveolates examples
Dinoflagellates (free)
Ciliates (free or parasitic)!
Apicomplexa - major parasites
Which apicomplexa is responsible for malaria
Plasmodium falciparum (mosquito- host life cycle)
Which apicomplexa infects cats and prey
Toxoplasma gondii
What sre the 2 speicies of cryptospordium (apicomplexa)
Parvis and hominis
How mant hosts does cryptosporidium need
1 jost - usuallt human or animal
Rxplain some cryptosporidium features
Obligate IC, ysuallt in gut, zoonotic transmission, opportjnistic
Whats the difference in infection between immuno competent and decifuencient with crypto p or h
Competnet get self limiting diarrhoea vs suppressed get chronic diarrhoea which causes death in many children
Is it asrxual or sexual
Both at siff stagea od life cycle
What forms by crypto which cuases the transmission
Cysts
What innate responses are important for crypto
Amp, dc, neutrophils, mscrophages, chemokines, apoptosis
Are cd8 crucial for crypto
No but are involved. Cd4 crucial
Which cytokines important to stop invasion of crypto
Ifn y from th1 fells , nk and cd8 cells all release it
Which antibodies are also improtnsnt in crypto killing
Iga, m, g
What recruits phagocytic killing crlls and apc
Chemokines released from infected cells
Also the th1 reaponse via ifn y activates phagocytosis
Why are nk important
Kill via granzymes and perforin
How is blastocystis a good example of euk as mutualistic and parasitic
Can induce release of il 12 and il 23 which alloes th1 and th17 differentistion
However causes reduced iga and amps like ll37 is degraded
What are the 2 examples of amoebozoa
Slime moulds whoch feed on bscteria
Entamoeba which is hodt drrived eg e histolytica
Where does histolyirica originste
Colon causes colitis
If histolyticia migrated ti submucosal tissue what happens
Abscesses eg in liver
How does mifrobiota impact hidtlytica
Affects its virulence and together cause increased inflammation eg seen in ibd
Which excavata group host dependant have either hydrogenosomes or mitosomes
Diplomonads
Which excavata are parasitic in many animals and ate anaerobic (have hydrogenosomes)
Parabasilia
Give examples of parasitic euglenozoa
Kinetoplastids like trypanosoma or leishmania
What are rhe complex mt genomes called in some euglenozoa
Kinetoplasts
What is the most common protozoan excavata in stopl
Giardia lamblia
How does giardia lambli infect
Ofal farcal route via cysts. They are ec and in lumen of gut
What is the immune system reliant on in giardia infection at mucosa
B crlls and iga . If low levels of iga trophozoites seen to porlifefste much quicker
What supergroup is trichomonas vaginalis in
Excavata
What oyher parhogens is t vaginalis associated with
Hiv and mycoplasma
Where is vsginlais found
Urethra of blth msle and female and also the vagina
How do trophozoites of vaginalis multiply
Bf
Do they jull epi cells
Yes. They spread over them to kill which can induce inflammation
How was 16s rrna used for vaginalis
Can screen patients and see which are present. Found low lactobacillus protecting vagina and high mycoplasma
Which new species via genomics was identified
Mycoplasma giredii
How many patients with high giredii were vaginalis positive
96%
What did metagenomics allow
Reconstruct genomes of all 4 straisn of giredii
What is the relationship between vaginalis and giredii
Co evolve together and both impactnon inflammation in those sites
Are mycoplasma obligate or ec
Obligate
