Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mucosal Surfaces > B3- Copd > Flashcards

B3- Copd Flashcards

1
Q

What is rhe biggest risk factor of cood

A

Genetic suscetibility of smoking (not everyone gets copd from smoking but 50%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some stats

A

In 2002 was 5th leading seath cause

Preficted by 2030 to be 3rd leading cause of death

Affects 10% of european popn

Costs nhs 800 mill a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who talks about the fev and fvc in copd

A

Johns et al 2014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why does fev lower

A

2mm narrowing in copd = obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does fev1 drop to

A

80% in mild copd vs 30% in severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the fev1/fvc ratio to diagnose copd

A

Below 0.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 pathologies of copd

A

Chronic bronchitis /airway obstructuon

Emphysema / lack of gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is chronic bronchitis (kim et al 2013)

A

Marrowing by 2mm due to infoammation and mucous metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What % does it affect

A

14-74% of copd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What increased risk does smoking give on cb

A

42%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What sorts of things cause mucous metaplasiab (kim 2013)

A

Inflammatory cells eg th1,th17, neutrophilic oxidative stress, chronic infections and cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does smoke increqse mucous

A

Hyperplasia of goblet cells (as well as infections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What inside neutrophils eg if degranulated by smoke causes mucus metapladia

A

Neurrophil elastase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes reduced elimination of the mucus (kim 2013)

A

Damaged cilia, weak respiratory muscles, low peak expiratory volume (narrowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is emphysema

A

Increase suze of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar walls delaying exchnage of gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What sorts of things can damagw alveolar walls

A

Chromic infectioms which atttact neutrophils elastases and collagenases

17
Q

Damage to epithelium in emphysema can eventually cause what

A

Fibrosis scarring and further obstruction of gas exchange

18
Q

What are the air filled sacs called in emphysema seen on lungs

A

Bullae

19
Q

Which law relates to cb and reduced radius of airway to lower wirflwo

A

Poiseuilles law

20
Q

Which article discusses smoking and airway obstruction further

A

Sharafkhaneh et al 2008

21
Q

Which types of cells does smoke attract initially (sharafkhaneh)

A

Macrophages (also stimulates epi cels)

22
Q

What can amcrophages then attract eg cia il8 which allows emphysema

A

Neutrophils and cd8

23
Q

Which mmp is a neutrophil collagenase

A

Mmp 8

24
Q

What other things can neutrohpiks rleease for emphysema

A

Proteinase 3
Cathepsins
Gelatinases
Elastases

25
Q

Smoke inducing airway epithelium can cause release of what sorts of things

A

Egf,pdgf

26
Q

What does this allow

A

Epithelial remodelling (emt), mucous metaplasia

27
Q

Which artficle disccuses egf and emt into fibroblasts for fibrosis

A

Jolly er al 2017

28
Q

How does smoking have link to cancer throogh egf

A

Forms fibroblasts and emt process involved in cancer

29
Q

Why does emphysema cause v/q mismatch

A

Air sac damage and rupturing reduces sa of the lungs so ventilation is lower than perfusioj

30
Q

Which type of reap failure is this linked to

A

Type 1 where there is low po2 in arterial blood

31
Q

How does type 2 didfer

A

Low po2 but also high co2

32
Q

Give some examples of type 2 causes

A

Airway obstruction eg copd, opiates, resp muscle weakness

33
Q

What type of receptors are tolerated for high pco2 in type 2

A

Central chemorecpeotrs. So rely on perioheral for hypoxic activation

34
Q

Which article discusses oxygen induced hypercapnia

A

Jacono 2013

35
Q

How would giving oxygen lead to hypercapnis via perioheral

A

Giving high o2 switches peripheral off. This causes ventilatory depression and co2 is therefore not removed = hypercapnia

36
Q

Giving oxygen causes the haldene effect. What is this (jacono 2013)

A

Where xoygen binding to hb causes dissociation of co2 with hb = hypercapnia in arterial blood

37
Q

Jow is v/q mismatch usually pvercome in copd or poor ventilation

A

Hypoxic vasoconstriction

38
Q

How does giving oxygen affect this (jacono)

A

It causes increased blood flow to the poorly ventilated alveoli = further mismatching

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions