L13 -Viruses Part 2

Question 1

Is rhino virus enveloped

Answer 1

No. Just its ssrna

Question 2

Is corona enveloped

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Hoe foes it get to us

Answer 3

Intermediate hosts eg camels in mers

Question 4

T or f. Usually cause upper respiratory disease

Answer 4

True excet 3 lineages

Question 5

Which 3 lineages of corona caused lower resp fisease and ards

Answer 5

Sars cov, mers, sara cov 2

Question 6

Other than ards what other extrapulmonary effects can they hsve

Answer 6

Diarrhoea/abdominal pain

Question 7

Can also xause sirs. What is this

Answer 7

Systemic inflammation reaponse sundrome / shock syndrome

Question 8

What is the major isuses with over excessive inflammation xuasing covid disease

Answer 8

Cytokine storm =

Hypotension, fever, pulmonary embolisms, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, tissue damage, systemic infections

Question 9

Name some anti inflam used

Answer 9

Anti il6, gm csf, dexamethasome

Question 10

What sort of cytokines are in a storm

Answer 10

Tnf, il 6 and il 8 which wll cause issues

Question 11

How is maturity of immune ststem via microbiota omportant antiviral

Answer 11

Can induce th1 responses eg sfb, bacteroices fragilis. Also iga for neutralising virus eg via tlr5 flagellin, sfb, th17 response causes iga (cao ey al 2012), also Tslp b crll fevelopment

Question 12

What sort of surfactants can bscteria release which sre antiviral

Answer 12

H202 (toxic to hiv and also induced inflammasome) , bacteriocinw, lactic acid lowering ph rg for hiv, amps

Question 13

How do amp release vy migrobiota (ostaff 2013) cause anti viral effects

Answer 13

Attack of enveloped viruses eg influenza

Question 14

Why is activating inflammasome eg by h2o2 important

Answer 14

Can induce dc from lung to drain to lymph and activate more t fells eg th1 v importwnt

Question 15

Which mhc is inducrd by sfb

Answer 15

Mhc II = th1 reaponse able = cr8 and nk activated

Question 16

Which bscteria induces nk via activsting dc and is lsctic acid producing (sekirov 2009)

Answer 16

Lactobacillus

Question 17

Why can some bacteria cause down reg of snti viraonreapojse

Answer 17

Eg il10 t ref induction by b frsgilis and scfa

Question 18

Which important cytokine is blocked by il10 needed for antiviral effects

Answer 18

Ifny

Question 19

How is jt needed

Answer 19

Induces mhc I (for cd8) , activates dc and mscrophages and promotes a th1 response

Question 20

Which article discusses how polio uses microbiota for sdvsntage

Answer 20

Wilks and golovkina 2012

Question 21

Which bacillus increased polio infectivity by 500%

Answer 21

Bacillus cereus

Question 22

How

Answer 22

Polio used lps to gain access

Question 23

How can lps also cause anti viral dampening down

Answer 23

Tlr4 binding can cause b cell release of il10 (aswell as other things like scfa inducing t regs)

Question 24

Other than ifn y, what can il10 reduce

Answer 24

Il 6,8,2

Question 25

Which antibody in urogenital tract causes anti infertility

Answer 25

Anti sperm

Question 26

Which weak ab does urogenital trsct get from circulation (no malt)

Answer 26

Monomeric iga and igg

Question 27

Which vaccine route can cause siga in urigenital tract

Answer 27

Nasal

Question 28

Is there more igg or siga in urogential

Answer 28

More igg vs gut

Question 29

Which 2 ways does ab get to urogenital tract systemically

Answer 29

Transudstion and exudation

Question 30

Whats the difference

Answer 30

Transudation is the flow of plasma from vlood vessels actoss epithelia naturally Exudation is where thete is fluid build up due to tissue damage/ leakage causing igg increwse

Question 31

Whoch mucosal surfsces is hiv transmittef

Answer 31

Genital skd digestive

Question 32

What can increqse hiv infectivity

Answer 32

``` T vsginalis infrction Inflammation Unprotected sex Erosion of barrier High giral load ```

Question 33

When is the hughest viral load for infectivity

Answer 33

Start of hiv and end

Question 34

Structures of hiv

Answer 34

2 identical ss rna Also enveloped

Question 35

How many major genes does hiv have

Answer 35

9

Question 36

Which gene encodes gp120 and gp41

Answer 36

Env

Question 37

What leas to fusion and release of hiv viral rna

Answer 37

Gp120 vind cd4, gp41 vinds ccr5 = fusion

Question 38

How does ciral rna become cdna

Answer 38

Rt

Question 39

What is the cirus xalled where it integrates its cdna in to then be transcribed

Answer 39

Provirus

Question 40

What can increase hiv cd4 depeltion in cervico vaginal site

Answer 40

Erosion or cell death eg by infection, inflammation eg t vaginalis

Question 41

Why is there a 50% reduction of risk if circumised

Answer 41

Have a conified layer which is harder to enter

Question 42

How can m cells and cross epithelial cause cd4 infection

Answer 42

Then can ag sample hiv and transfer in and transfect cd4 t cells

Question 43

How can cross epi dc also cause systemic cd4 depeletion

Answer 43

Carry it out via lymph node

Question 44

How does hiv binding ccr5 allow cd4 infection

Answer 44

Can endocytose and then transcytose to basolateral aide

Question 45

What are the viruses of tv

Answer 45

Totiviridae TVV

Question 46

What sort of genomr do tvv have

Answer 46

Non segmented ds rna

Question 47

Which tlr do tvv induce causing inflammation and susceptibility to hiv

Answer 47

Tlr3

Question 48

Other than the tlr3 how else can tv cause inflammation and hiv suscpetibility

Answer 48

Mycoplasma giredii and hominis symbiosis Aswell as bacteria in bacterial vsginosis

Question 49

Which article suggests tv and hiv link

Answer 49

Mercer et al 2018

Question 50

Which immunoreg peptide decreeases in bacterial vsginosis causing hiv susceptibility

Answer 50

Slp1

Question 51

Which tvv cytokine can cause recruitment of hiv tsrgets

Answer 51

Rantes

Question 52

How do scfa have effect on increasing inflammation

Answer 52

Infuce the inflammasome = inflammation eg dxvessive in sars