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Mucosal Surfaces > L14- Gut Microbiota Changes > Flashcards

L14- Gut Microbiota Changes Flashcards

1
Q

What are probiotics

A

Lige organisms eg bifudo and lactobacillus in yoghurt which feed on prebiotics

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2
Q

What srw prebiotics

A

Indigestible fibre eg from fruit or potatoes to promote digestion and heslthy gut

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3
Q

Give examples of how disease change microbiots

A

Roseburia cox et al 2013- reduced in type 2 diabrtes whcih sffects appetite,and insulin sensitivity etc

Or bifido in sha 2013 - reduces inflammation and uc symptoms

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4
Q

Waht js rhe largest immune organ

A

The gut. Has most immune cells

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5
Q

Which 2 layers of muscle does it have

A

Circular/inner and longitudinal

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6
Q

What are corcular for

A

Peristalsis

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7
Q

What is the mcuosal smooth muscle called

A

Mucosae muscularis

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8
Q

What is the connrctive tossue around mucosa

A

Submucosa

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9
Q

What does serosa have (outer layer of gut£

A

Epithelial with lubricant

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10
Q

Which part of gut forms some peritoneum

A

Serosa

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11
Q

Where is the mucosal layer biggest and why

A

Li/colon as this is nutrient poor so fermentation occurs more = more scfa too

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12
Q

Why is stool not representativr of guy

A

Only microbiota at didtal colon and rectum. And not necessarily associated with mcuosa

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13
Q

What is the perfrct scenario for stool sampling

A

Frozen stool samples and aequwnced asap for functional analysis

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14
Q

What is the solution to problmeatic sotrage of stool in freezers

A

Buffered stool which presevred it for 60 days

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15
Q

What is the ossue with buffered stool

A

It kill microbiota and so cant do functional analysis, only sequencing

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16
Q

Which tools are used for sampling of mucosal epithelial

A

Brushes and biopsies

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17
Q

What is yood withbusing these eg in ibd patients

A

Can compare samples from inflamed areas vs non inflamed

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18
Q

Why sould you need to amplify the samples gia 16s rrna

A

Low biomass in samples

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19
Q

Why are samples not taken after colonscopies for 2 weeks

A

Because the bowels get cleaned gia diarrhoea losing microbiota

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20
Q

Name 3 bacteria whichd egrade mucus in fermentation tonproduce scfa (but also issues)

A

B theta, precotella, Akkermansia muciniphila

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21
Q

Name some impacts of butyrate

A

Anti cancer (chen 2018)
Glucose and energy metabolism
Consumtion of o2 by colonocytes via b oxidation
Mucin (blacher 2017)

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22
Q

Why is consumption of oxygen of coloncytes important

A

Holds the aerobic va anwrobic barrier for the obligate anaerobes

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23
Q

Which scra is needed for gluconeogenesis, appetite reg, t regs

A

Proprionate

24
Q

What does acetate do which xan cause obesity

A

Lipo genesis

25
Q

Which article disxusses micorbiota and obesity

A

Chambers et al 2018

26
Q

Which bacteria associated with plsnt diets are lowered eg prevotella

A

Firmicutes

27
Q

Which are associated with hfd

A

Bacteroidetes

28
Q

Which is suggetsed to be a therapy for obesity/diabetes

A

Akkermansia muciniphila

29
Q

Which scfa does it produce

A

All 3

30
Q

Which hormones does proprionate increase to refuce appetite (chambers 2018)

A

Pyy and leptin

31
Q

Which hormone from priprionate increases insulin release

A

Glucagon like peptide 1 GLP1

32
Q

What is buttrate correlated to (meaning low firmicutes is an issue)

A

Improved insulin sensitivty

33
Q

Tive some examples of bacteria living in nuteient rich si

A

Proteobacteria ef exoli, lactobacillus

34
Q

Why isnt fmt limited to genetics

A

Genetics was found not to really impact on microbiota

35
Q

In the development period -3-14 months. What is tiven by breastfeeding

A

Bifido, lactobacillus, lower ecoli proteobacteria = good

36
Q

Which bscteria is most stable overtime

A

Bifido

37
Q

Which bacteria is less stable overtime

A

Clostridia (firmicute)

38
Q

Do bacteroidetes stabilise ober yime

A

Yes when given solid food

39
Q

How much does microbiota reduce before colonsocpy

A

31 fold

40
Q

Which article discusses the overcoming of colonisstion resistance by bacteria

A

Kamada 2013

41
Q

How does b theta cause both ehec and salmonella growth

A

Fucose releaae from mucon iupregs lee and t3ss in ehec

Succinate = cdifficile and salmonella growth and mucinase by ehec

42
Q

What do commensals release which is used to generate tetrathionste as an aea by salmonella so it can use ethanolamine

A

H2s hydrogen sultide

43
Q

What does ehec use an an aea

A

Nitrates for nitrate resp (trom duox2 for h peroxide, nos to form nitrates, via inflammation)

44
Q

Whoch thing from eli cells in inflammation only can blooc iron of commensals but not salmonella

A

Lipocallin 2. Blocks fommensal sideorophore not salmonellas

45
Q

What donjnates over firmicutes in western diets with less plant degrading enzymes

A

Bacteroidetes

46
Q

How does c diff spread

A

Spores and faecal oral route

47
Q

Give an outbreak of mortailit by c didf and why

A

Quebec 2000

Due to tcdC gene which allowed unrestricted toxin produced

48
Q

What is most used antibootic for it

A

Vancomycin for relapses and severe eg diarrhoea

49
Q

What type of antibiotic is fidaxomycin

A

Macrocyclic. Blocks rna polymerase of c diff

50
Q

What is it for

A

Sustained and less recurrwnt infections more thwn vancomycin

51
Q

Why is fmt used

A

Bacteria which outcompete eg sach biulardii and thuringiensis

52
Q

How is fmt given

A

Endoscopy or colonscopy

53
Q

What does it need to be screened for

A

Gisrdia and c diff

54
Q

What is the cure rate compared to bancomycin

A

80-90 vs 30

55
Q

What are the issues with fmt

A

Weight gain due to different way it affects lipid and glucose metabolism

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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