L12- Fungal Immune Responses

Question 1

Where does candida grow in dysbiosis

Answer 1

Gut, vagina, lung excessively

Question 2

What are some causes of dysbiosis

Answer 2

Antibiotics, genrtic defects eg th17 pid, inflammation, diet change,

Question 3

How can pregancy also cause a fysbiosis in vagina

Answer 3

Oestrogen and glycogen increase candida

Question 4

What is usually on the outer layer or fungi cell walm

Answer 4

Mannan

Question 5

What is below mannan

Answer 5

Glucans (b1,3 and b1,6)

Question 6

What is below glucans

Answer 6

Chitin (hard sugar)

Question 7

What proteins are within cell eall

Answer 7

Things like enzymes, transporters egc which are heavily glycosylated eith mannan

Question 8

Is candida localnor systemic issues

Answer 8

Both. Local like oral or vaginal thrush vs systemic due to immunodeficiencies

Question 9

What sort of candida can penetraye cells into blood stream causing issues

Answer 9

Hyphae

Question 10

Can hyphae form within phagosomes

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Which c type lectin prr (cell surfsce) can recognise glucan b 1,3

Answer 11

Dectin 1

Question 12

Which sdsptor protein is associated with dectin 1 response causing inflamm cytokine release

Answer 12

Card9

Question 13

Which prr can detect hyphae and cause inflammation a d how

Answer 13

Nlrp3- induces inflammasome secreting il-1b which stimulates th17 response

Question 14

What expresses dectin1

Answer 14

Monocytes and macrophages- for internalisation of fungi and anti fungi responses

Question 15

What is styk induced by dectin1

Answer 15

Spleen tk

Question 16

What other components are important via drctin1

Answer 16

Caspases1, card9, pk cdelta

Question 17

What shields c albucans glucans in the non invadive form allowing homeostasis

Answer 17

Mannoproteins

Question 18

How are phagocytes tecruited in first place

Answer 18

Either penetration into epi cells causing cytokine telease. Or already present under epi layer detection of hyphae penetration

Question 19

Which antifungal defensisn are secreted by epi cells

Answer 19

B defensins

Question 20

After phagocytosis attrscting neutrophils whay do neurrophils release ehich kill fungi/block

Answer 20

Ros and neutrophil ec traps (NETs)

Question 21

What sort of cytokines allow the th17 antigungal response

Answer 21

Il1 b from inflammadome, il 23 and 6 from phagocytes.

Question 22

Which apc are present for the th17 and th1 reslonse

Answer 22

Dc

Question 23

What does th17 secrete which causes b defensin release

Answer 23

Il 22

Question 24

Why are th1 important

Answer 24

Ifny actication of more phagocytes

Question 25

What disease is correlated to deficiency in card9 or dectin 1 responses

Answer 25

Ibd like crohns and uc

Question 26

Why

Answer 26

Can penetrate through yo blood stream, become systemic wnd not removed eg by phagocytes

Question 27

Which commensal is reduced vs uncreased pathogenic candida in drctin1 seficiency

Answer 27

Sacchormyces cerevisiae

Question 28

Whoch antibody telated to fungi and present in ibd

Answer 28

Anti s.cerevisae (ASPA)

Question 29

What sort of pathognesiss does drctin1 deficiency cause eg in colitis

Answer 29

Erosion of mucosa, crypt disruption, infiltrstion uncontrolled inflammatory cells and tnfa in colon causes colitis??

Question 30

What t crlls were reduced in colitis

Answer 30

Th17, th1 - showing importance of drctin1

Question 31

What does card9 mutation cause

Answer 31

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis due ti low th17

Question 32

Which invasive opportunist increased also in dectin1 mutation

Answer 32

Aspergillusbcausing aspergillosis

Question 33

What is an example of a probiotic fungi type

Answer 33

Sach boulardii

Question 34

Which bacteria does sach boulardii protect us from

Answer 34

C difficile

Question 35

What does s boulardii secrete which blocks tcdA and B which cause things like colitis

Answer 35

Proteases and phosphatases

Question 36

What ab was stimulsted in profuctuon by sach boulardii which bunds and neutralises tcdA

Answer 36

IgA

Question 37

Which article for extra reading

Answer 37

Erwig and gow 2016

Question 38

What did erwig and gow 2016 find dc can do to maintain homeostasis

Answer 38

Both induce th and t regs at the same time whcih would control responses

Question 39

What did erwig and gow 2016 find can bind host b1,6 glucans alloeing pahgocytosis

Answer 39

Complement

Question 40

How is cryptococcus capsule an example of fungal evasion

Answer 40

Sheds the capsule which inruces il10 which stops responses to them

Question 41

How does c albucans escape the phagosome (erwig and gow 2016)

Answer 41

Reduce the ph allowing hyphal morphogenesis