L10- Parasitic Protozoa

Question 1

How mant deaths in 2010

Answer 1

30,000 from protozoans

Question 2

How donyou work out taxa from 16s rrna

Answer 2

Compare otu with reference databases

Question 3

How is functional analysis done

Answer 3

Reference genome databases, comparing sequences on bladt for predictivr genes

Question 4

Which machine is used for proteomics

Answer 4

Mass spec to detect proteins

Question 5

What does entamoeba cause

Answer 5

Amoebiasis

Question 6

What apecitrum of ill ness from histolytica

Answer 6

From mild diarrhoea to ameobic dysentry

Question 7

Where does it colonise

Answer 7

Ec of colon lumen

Question 8

Which life form is aboe to protect eh from dessication from environment

Answer 8

Cysts. These are what infect eg cia oral route

Question 9

Where do trophozoites excyst in the Body

Answer 9

Stomach when they recirve signals to excyst

Question 10

How do some survivr

Answer 10

Get signals to transform back into cysts for protectiom eg passing stool

Question 11

What are the 3 clinical outcomes

Answer 11

Small ulcers, mild diarrhoea

Asymptomatic

Large deep ulcers, amoebic dysentry

Question 12

What does amoebic dystentry cause

Answer 12

Mcuus , blood jn stool

Question 13

Which protozoan causes submucosal abscesses eg in liver

Answer 13

E histolytica

Question 14

What would usually prevent breaking and dmaaging of colonic cells in e histytica if it was present

Answer 14

Mucosal layer. Eh neede contsct to cells

Question 15

How does breaking of cells allow growth of eh

Answer 15

They feed on the content, multiply as trophoizojtes and then do the same to adjacent cells

Question 16

What forms the flask shaled ulcers

Answer 16

Breaking open of more adjacent crlls

Question 17

What does damaging of mucosal linjng cause

Answer 17

More infection, systemic infection via bloodstream, inflammation, colitis

Question 18

When they get to bloodstrema what happens

Answer 18

Extra intestinal amoebiasis , abscesses, (only trophozoites)

Question 19

What effect does eh have on pahgocytic cells

Answer 19

Kill neutrophils and engulf and macrophages too

Question 20

Which microbiota from eg vaginal delivery was proinflamm with e histolytica

Answer 20

Prevotella copri. Was present only in diarrhoegenic patients not asymptomatic

Question 21

Which article doscusses prevotella copri and EH

Answer 21

Ghosh 2019

Question 22

What did ghosh 2019 find

Answer 22

Prevotella copri insucwa inflammation cia il 6 and il8. Il 6 allowa th17 responses which recruits cells to tissue causinr samage. Il 8 is alao chemotaxtic. This inflammation allows much easier infection

Question 23

What was prevotella xopri and eh associated with

Answer 23

Colitis

Question 24

Which ecoli serotype first augmented virulence of eh. Then attenuated agter 1 minth

Answer 24

Exoli 055

Question 25

How did ecoli 055 trigger activation of cirulence genes of eh and what genes

Answer 25

Galactose on surfsfe bpund the lectin on EH. This allowed eg pahgocytic genes, adhesive genes and cytotoxicity to epi cells.

Question 26

Which microbiota showed to increase iga and th17 lecels cia il23 from bone marrow dcs

Answer 26

Sfb

Question 27

Which damp did sfb increase to stimulate granunopoeisis

Answer 27

Serum amyloid A

Question 28

What did SAA cause upregulation in in bmdc

Answer 28

H3k7 demethlyase Csf 2 receptor alpha subunit Granulocyte monocyte precursors GMP (make granulocytes and monocytes/mac)

Question 29

Which 2 factors are importsnt in inducing gmp expression

Answer 29

H3k7 demethylase (makes genes more abaiavle) and also gm csf signalling via receptor.

Question 30

What does lower gmp cause

Answer 30

Lower protection from amoebiasis , less neutrophils

Question 31

Which disease does giardia lamblia cause (excavata)

Answer 31

Giardiasis

Question 32

Explain the life chcle of GL

Answer 32

Enters as cyst, excysts due to stomach acid and stays in the small intestine. 2 trophozoites per cyst. It either stays free or attaches to epithelial cells. If transitioning to colon then ecystation occurs again to prevent dessucation in stool

Question 33

Whats the mechanism of binding yo epi cells by GL

Answer 33

Ventral sucking disc

Question 34

How many people woth giardiasis are symptomstic and whay symypoms

Answer 34

50%. From mild darrhoea all the way to malabsorption syndrome

Question 35

Is GL invasivr

Answer 35

No. Only localised damage

Question 36

What causes villi blunting

Answer 36

Ventral sucking disc

Question 37

Why is there some inflammation with giardiasis

Answer 37

Due to entercoute damage releasing damps

Question 38

Which microbiota was crucial to stop trophozute prolif of giardia

Answer 38

Lactobacillus johnsonii

Question 39

Which lactobacillus species increase IG production for giardia protection

Answer 39

Lacto casei

Question 40

What evidence is there some microbiota from intestine increwses giarsia cirulence

Answer 40

When co inoculated together caused death of c elegans which didnt happen before

Question 41

What festure do crypto have for entry on apical surface of epi cells

Answer 41

Apicoplast / apical organ

Question 42

Other than epi,where are crypto

Answer 42

Resp tract, conjunctiva

Question 43

Explain the asexual and sexual stages of crypto cycle

Answer 43

Excyst from thick walled oocytes. Sporozoites then decelop into trophozoites when penetrated xells. Then into merozoites which sit in vacuoles on apical side. Merozoites released fromt he type 1 meronts on apical side can then infect adjwcent cells and form type 2 meronts. (Asexual phase) Type 2 meronts differentiate forming microgamonts + macrogamonts. Microgametes undergo fertilisation ane form zygote. Some zygotes develop into thick walled oocytes, some thin walled

Question 44

What do sporulated thick walled oocytes then allow

Answer 44

Exit from the body jnto environment

Question 45

What do thin ealled oocytes allow

Answer 45

Autoinfection again in the same host. Allows parasite to stay in host

Question 46

Why does crypto cause dehydrstion

Answer 46

Damage to villi

Question 47

What is v important in protection frim crypto as well as the cd4 responses

Answer 47

Indole releasing Microbiota eg bacillus spp, clostridium spp

Question 48

Which type of microbiota increased in crypto

Answer 48

Bacteroidetes like prevotella

Question 49

Whats the article which explains indole role

Answer 49

Shimada 2013

Question 50

What did shimada 2013 find

Answer 50

Indole induces expression of genes for adherens, tight junctions, mucins and also wctin. All importwnt for a physical barrier to crypto entry