L10- Parasitic Protozoa Flashcards
How mant deaths in 2010
30,000 from protozoans
How donyou work out taxa from 16s rrna
Compare otu with reference databases
How is functional analysis done
Reference genome databases, comparing sequences on bladt for predictivr genes
Which machine is used for proteomics
Mass spec to detect proteins
What does entamoeba cause
Amoebiasis
What apecitrum of ill ness from histolytica
From mild diarrhoea to ameobic dysentry
Where does it colonise
Ec of colon lumen
Which life form is aboe to protect eh from dessication from environment
Cysts. These are what infect eg cia oral route
Where do trophozoites excyst in the Body
Stomach when they recirve signals to excyst
How do some survivr
Get signals to transform back into cysts for protectiom eg passing stool
What are the 3 clinical outcomes
Small ulcers, mild diarrhoea
Asymptomatic
Large deep ulcers, amoebic dysentry
What does amoebic dystentry cause
Mcuus , blood jn stool
Which protozoan causes submucosal abscesses eg in liver
E histolytica
What would usually prevent breaking and dmaaging of colonic cells in e histytica if it was present
Mucosal layer. Eh neede contsct to cells
How does breaking of cells allow growth of eh
They feed on the content, multiply as trophoizojtes and then do the same to adjacent cells
What forms the flask shaled ulcers
Breaking open of more adjacent crlls
What does damaging of mucosal linjng cause
More infection, systemic infection via bloodstream, inflammation, colitis
When they get to bloodstrema what happens
Extra intestinal amoebiasis , abscesses, (only trophozoites)
What effect does eh have on pahgocytic cells
Kill neutrophils and engulf and macrophages too
Which microbiota from eg vaginal delivery was proinflamm with e histolytica
Prevotella copri. Was present only in diarrhoegenic patients not asymptomatic
Which article doscusses prevotella copri and EH
Ghosh 2019
What did ghosh 2019 find
Prevotella copri insucwa inflammation cia il 6 and il8. Il 6 allowa th17 responses which recruits cells to tissue causinr samage. Il 8 is alao chemotaxtic. This inflammation allows much easier infection
What was prevotella xopri and eh associated with
Colitis
Which ecoli serotype first augmented virulence of eh. Then attenuated agter 1 minth
Exoli 055
How did ecoli 055 trigger activation of cirulence genes of eh and what genes
Galactose on surfsfe bpund the lectin on EH. This allowed eg pahgocytic genes, adhesive genes and cytotoxicity to epi cells.
Which microbiota showed to increase iga and th17 lecels cia il23 from bone marrow dcs
Sfb
Which damp did sfb increase to stimulate granunopoeisis
Serum amyloid A
What did SAA cause upregulation in in bmdc
H3k7 demethlyase
Csf 2 receptor alpha subunit
Granulocyte monocyte precursors GMP (make granulocytes and monocytes/mac)
Which 2 factors are importsnt in inducing gmp expression
H3k7 demethylase (makes genes more abaiavle) and also gm csf signalling via receptor.
What does lower gmp cause
Lower protection from amoebiasis , less neutrophils
Which disease does giardia lamblia cause (excavata)
Giardiasis
Explain the life chcle of GL
Enters as cyst, excysts due to stomach acid and stays in the small intestine. 2 trophozoites per cyst. It either stays free or attaches to epithelial cells. If transitioning to colon then ecystation occurs again to prevent dessucation in stool
Whats the mechanism of binding yo epi cells by GL
Ventral sucking disc
How many people woth giardiasis are symptomstic and whay symypoms
50%. From mild darrhoea all the way to malabsorption syndrome
Is GL invasivr
No. Only localised damage
What causes villi blunting
Ventral sucking disc
Why is there some inflammation with giardiasis
Due to entercoute damage releasing damps
Which microbiota was crucial to stop trophozute prolif of giardia
Lactobacillus johnsonii
Which lactobacillus species increase IG production for giardia protection
Lacto casei
What evidence is there some microbiota from intestine increwses giarsia cirulence
When co inoculated together caused death of c elegans which didnt happen before
What festure do crypto have for entry on apical surface of epi cells
Apicoplast / apical organ
Other than epi,where are crypto
Resp tract, conjunctiva
Explain the asexual and sexual stages of crypto cycle
Excyst from thick walled oocytes. Sporozoites then decelop into trophozoites when penetrated xells. Then into merozoites which sit in vacuoles on apical side. Merozoites released fromt he type 1 meronts on apical side can then infect adjwcent cells and form type 2 meronts. (Asexual phase)
Type 2 meronts differentiate forming microgamonts + macrogamonts.
Microgametes undergo fertilisation ane form zygote. Some zygotes develop into thick walled oocytes, some thin walled
What do sporulated thick walled oocytes then allow
Exit from the body jnto environment
What do thin ealled oocytes allow
Autoinfection again in the same host. Allows parasite to stay in host
Why does crypto cause dehydrstion
Damage to villi
What is v important in protection frim crypto as well as the cd4 responses
Indole releasing Microbiota eg bacillus spp, clostridium spp
Which type of microbiota increased in crypto
Bacteroidetes like prevotella
Whats the article which explains indole role
Shimada 2013
What did shimada 2013 find
Indole induces expression of genes for adherens, tight junctions, mucins and also wctin. All importwnt for a physical barrier to crypto entry
