Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mucosal Surfaces > A3: Microbiome > Flashcards

A3: Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diffeence between phages and viruses

A

Phages infect bacteria and archaea

Viruses infect eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the viral genomes like

A

Never the same, eifferent genome sizes, genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

For sequencing what is needed for viral sequencing

A

Sample manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are rhe most common viruses in gut

A

Plant viruses from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can viruses be mutualistic in host or just parhofenic

A

Xan be mutualists too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Other than human euks what do viruses infect

A

Microbial eukaryotes like trichomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gene is commonly used for sequencing to study microbiota

A

Ss rrna (small subunit rrna)16s in pro, 18s in euk, 12 s in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why cant 16s rrna sequencinf be used for viruses

A

They have no ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pangenome

A

After looking at wgs of one organism you can look st diff strains of the same species to see if you notice any differences in accesoru genes eg virulence factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the word gicen to studyinf genomes of a whole community from a sample eg faecal

A

Metagenomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is sequencing more widely used now

A

Cheaper and much wuicker with new tech like illumina sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is sequencing usually done if not via 16s rrna

A

Frafmentstion of dna or rna in the sample of faeces for example

Complete seuwnece of genome and aligned using computers to run 100s of bacteria eg via illumina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is shot gun sequencing

A

Selecting random dna to sequence and its large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is it better to study through metagenomics form samples tather than individual

A

Hard to culture some microorganisms eg due to being anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is environmental metagenomics

A

Looking at microbiota characterisation in areas like soul, humans, oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is metagenomics only dna

A

No can be rna cia transcriptomics eg seuqnecing using microarrays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Other than to look st ciruses why is rna sequwncing done

A

Measure fene expression of populstion

18
Q

What is 16a rrna seuwnecing

A

Uaing pcr to amplift that gene, do comparative sequencing and use things like genbank databases (cox et al 2013)

19
Q

When was wgs important looking at pangenomes

A

Ecoli outbreak in 2011 found strain was shigotoxigenic ecoli strain (cox et al 2013)

20
Q

Guve an example pf diseased vs healthy in metabenomics

A

Found in type 2 lower butyrate producing bacteria like roseburia (cox et al 2013)

21
Q

How is metagenomics diff to other sequencing

A

Finds the actual functionality of the microbiota cia sequence and functional analysis via bioinformatics

22
Q

What other types of metagenomics is ther

A

Proteomics, metabolomica eg looking at levels of butyrate

23
Q

What are cross sectional studies used in investifating human microbiome

A

Observing all members of the sample at a speicfic time

24
Q

What are longitudinal studies

A

Where therr are repeated eg sakpling after periods of time with the same variables

25
Q

What type of study is used to suggest causes of chenges in microbiome

A

Case- control eg comparint smokers to non smokers

26
Q

Where in the gi tract has lowest amount of microbitos

A

Stomach due to hastric acid and other barriers. Only 10^1 cels/g

27
Q

Where in the gi tract has largest microbiota amount

A

Colon at 10^12 cells/g

28
Q

Give an example of how iveryime there are changes in composition (clemente et al 2012)

A

After eating solid food you get bacteroidetes and firmicutes mostly in colon for digestion

29
Q

Can the way you are burthed affect microbiota? (Clemete et al)

A

Yes, if c cestion you get things like staph vs in caginal delivery prevotella are present

30
Q

Whats an example of why functional analysis of microbiome is so importnst

A

Cazymes whoch digest carbohydrates / ingestible glycans via fermentation

31
Q

What are the 2 main cazymes

A

Glycoside hydrolases GH

Polysaccharide lyases

32
Q

Which cazymes induce glycoside hydrolyases and poly lyases

A

Carb esterases

33
Q

Which cazymes dont degrade

A

Glycosyltransferases

34
Q

Why are bacteria importent for cazymes

A

Human genome has 17gh genes and 0 pl genes cs around 9120 gh genes in microbes

35
Q

Which ohylum encode most cazymes

A

Bacteroidetes and firmicutes

36
Q

What types of things do they divest

A

Plant glycans, animal glycans, starch, glycogen

37
Q

What is the most abundant glycoside hydrolase and what foes it breakdown

A

Gh13 breaksdown starch

38
Q

What is an organism with 97% complete homology in 16a rrna called (weinstock 2012)

A

Operational taxonomic unit OTU

39
Q

How many body sites did yhe hmp study over 10k microbes in via 16a rrna (weinstock 2012)

A

18

40
Q

How is sequence alignment done wkth shotgun data (weinstock 2012)

A

On blast for functional analysis

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions