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Mucosal Surfaces > 26- Bacterial Ibfection > Flashcards

26- Bacterial Ibfection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 circulating systems in lungs

A

Aorta for ox, pa for deox

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2
Q

How many people carry staph aureus opportunist

A

1/10

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3
Q

Give some properties of it

A

Gram +ve cocci

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4
Q

How is it diagnosed both non resistant and resistant

A

Through a catalase enzyme assay as it it positive

Methicillin plates used for mrsa strains

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5
Q

Which bacteria are people 18-20 at risk of and some properties

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Gram -ve (with lps) cocci

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6
Q

Where is it found asymptomatically and carried

A

Nasopharyngeal area in humans

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7
Q

What protects it from phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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8
Q

What can happen due to lps

A

Endotoxic shock/septic shcok if it occurs systemically. This is where vasodilation and circulatory collapse occurs

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9
Q

What sorts of cytokines cia tlr4 can cause this and how

A

TNFa by inducing neutrophil margination to the tissues and this has things like paf, lt, pg when degranulated

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10
Q

Septicaemia causes a haemorrhage rash. How

A

Blood clotting eg via paf activating platelets

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11
Q

Give some properties of strep pyogenes

A

Gram +ve cocci

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12
Q

Why is it different to aureus

A

Forms chains of cocci and is catalase -ve

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13
Q

Which article discusses strep pyogenes

A

Kanwal 2021

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14
Q

If not treated what 2 later things can strep p cause

A

Glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever

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15
Q

What is rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

A

Carditis and damage to valves

Where ic complex with strep ag and ab damage the glomerulus in kidneyb

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16
Q

Where does it usually colonise when transmitted eg by droplets

A

Pharynx and genital mucosa

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17
Q

Which component does it have in its capsule which blocks phagocytosis

A

Hyaluronic acid

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18
Q

Which things cause toxic shock syndrome and also scarlet fever

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins it produces

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19
Q

How does strep invade tissue

A

Streptolysin

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20
Q

What things does it cause in urt

A

Pharyngitis and eventually otitis media

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21
Q

What is the name of the bacteria which form diptheria toxin

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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22
Q

If gets to systemic blood what can it cause

A

Fever and heart failure

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23
Q

Why are they gram +ve rods

A

Incomplete division causes a rod shaped

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24
Q

How can it cause airway obstruction and death

A

Forms a pseudo membrane around pharynx and tonsils

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25
Q

What are some properties of haemophilia influenzae

A

Gram -ve bacteria which is capsulared for protection

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26
Q

Where does it affect in airway

A

Sinuses and sometimes lower airway

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27
Q

Which 2 major issues does it cause

A

Meningitis and epiglottitis

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28
Q

Give an example of a gram -ve rod (unlike dip which is gram +ve)

A

Bordatella pertussis

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29
Q

What types of toxins does it produce

A

Both endotoxin eg lps and exotoxins too

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30
Q

What are the exotoxins useful for

A

The acellular vaccine

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31
Q

They infect the large airways and cause what if systemic

A

Whooping cough Vomiting , sub conjunctival haemorrhage (behind eye)

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32
Q

Strep pneumoniae is a gram +ve cocci. How is it differentiated from staph aureus

A

Catalase negative and also forms diplococci (2)

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33
Q

What sort of disease does it cause in children and adults

A

Children have invasive diseases like meningitis vs pneumonia in lower lungs of adults

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34
Q

Is it encapsulated

A

Yea

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35
Q

Which article discusses pneumoniae more

A

Weiser et al 2018

36
Q

Where are pneumoniae commensals

A

On nasal epithelial usually at mucosal areas

37
Q

What can cause it to go down lungs or systemic

A

Aspiration or bacteraemia into blood

38
Q

What 3 major effects does it have

A

, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia of lower lungs

39
Q

Which virus can cause increased shedding of pneumoniae and spreading eg by mucus secretions

A

Influenza a

40
Q

Which substance does it release to cause pro Inflam cytokines, and damage/death of endothelial and epi lung cells

A

Pneumolysin

41
Q

How does iav also increase acquisition of it in nasopharynx

A

Upregulste receptors for pneumoniae to bind

42
Q

Which bacteria is an acid fast bacteria not gram -ve or +ve

A

Myco tb

43
Q

It doesn’t produce any toxins so how is it infectious

A

It’s cell wall which is waxy and have an outer lipid layer

44
Q

What causes susceptibility to fast spreading myco tb

A

Hiv immunosupression

45
Q

Where does myco live and evade

A

Macrophage lysosomes

46
Q

Why is epiglottitis a major issue

A

Because this is what closes the trachea to stop food going down

47
Q

Are there more viral or bacterial infections in urt

A

Viral but they cause secondary bacterial infections too

48
Q

Which inflammation can cause blue discolouration

A

Laryngotracheitis

49
Q

How can you diagnose things

A

Bacterial cultures of throat swabs, blood cultures too

50
Q

Why would blood cultures be used eg if epiglottitis

A

Can show systemic release/ spread of infection of haemophilius inflenzae which causes things like meningitis too

51
Q

Which sorts of viruses cause common colds

A

Rhinoviruses (100 seri types)

52
Q

How do you distinguish this from things like covid, iav infection

A

Same sysmtooms but can cause fever, systemic issues like headaches or vomiting

53
Q

What can occur from common colds in urt

A

Sinusitis and otitis media

54
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Where infection spreads to sinuses around eyes and behind nose causing inflammatioj eg after common cold

55
Q

Give the major causes of sinusitis

A

MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS

Strep pneumoniae, h influenza , strep pyogenes, staph aureus (all of them)

56
Q

How is chronic sinusitis different

A

Mix of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms

57
Q

What is moraxella catarrhalis a member of

A

Nesseriaceae family - same as meningitidis as gram-ve cocci

58
Q

Is it aerobic

A

Yes

59
Q

What enzymes does it have

A

Oxidase and catalase +ve

60
Q

Is it a commensalism

A

Yea in the urt but can get to lrt

61
Q

Why is penecillin not used for it but amoxicillin instead

A

Has b lactamase so antibiotic resistant usually

62
Q

What things can it excacerbate aswell as cause sinusitis

A

Copd

63
Q

Which article discusses moraxella and viruses in sinusitis

A

Mccauley et Al 2021

64
Q

What % of sinusitis cases had previous viral uri

A

5-10%

65
Q

Why do they cause this

A

They induce inflammation in mucosa and also bacterial proliferation in nasopharynx areas

66
Q

Children who experienced sinusitis after viral uri had distinguished Microbiota taxa. Explain

A

Dominated moraxella and haemophilia and lower lactobacilales and prevotella specifies

67
Q

What cellular damage means mucus isn’t removed from sinuses they get congested and inflammation also

A

Cilia damage eg afterbinfection

68
Q

What sorts of treatments are there

A

Analgesics for the pain, decongestants, amoxicillin/antibiotics

69
Q

What is otitis media

A

Middle ear inflammatikn

70
Q

Name some causes

A

Strep pneumoniae, h influenza, s pyogenes, moraxella catarrhalis, common colds

71
Q

How does infection spread to the middle ear

A

The Eustachian tube

72
Q

How is it diagnosed and what do you see

A

Otoscope.
Can see redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane
If a long term infection can be pus or blood

73
Q

Analgesics or antibiotics can be given for acute treatment. What is put in for recurrent

A

Grommet plastic tube which allows draining of pus, opening of Eustachian tube to stop hearing impairment

74
Q

If no pus is present near pharynx/tonsils what does this mean

A

It isn’t tonsillitis but pharyngitis

75
Q

What is the biggest cause of pharyngitis

A

B haemolytic strep pyogenes (can also be diptheriae tho)

76
Q

Can it also be viral and fungal

A

Yes. Most cases are viral accompanied with a common cold or influenza

77
Q

What is given if swollen lymph nodes seen there

A

Antibiotics as it indicates a bacterial issue eg strep which can be systemic

78
Q

What can cover tonsils and pharynx

A

Tonsils can be covered by membranes / inflammatory exudate/ pus

Pharynx can be seen covered in ulcers on the walls

79
Q

Why is it important to identify pharyngitis caused by strep eg with swollen lymph nodes

A

Causes other issues like rheumatic fever etc

80
Q

Which antibiotic is given for this cause of tonsillitis/ pharyngitis

A

Penecillin G

Viruses not treated with antibiotics

81
Q

What is the major cause of laryngitis causing loss of voice / hoarseness

A

Viral infections eg flu or cold

82
Q

What bacteria can cause it

A

H influenza , strep, corynebacterium

83
Q

Which article discusses link between viruses and density of bacteria in urti

A

Demuri et Al 2018

84
Q

What % of urti have viruses detected

A

80%

85
Q

What bacteria were increased in colonisation frequency by viruses like rv, influenzaA, corona

A

Strep pneumoniae eg in otitis media, h influenza and moraxella catarrhalis for sinusitis

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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