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26- Bacterial Ibfection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 circulating systems in lungs

A

Aorta for ox, pa for deox

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2
Q

How many people carry staph aureus opportunist

A

1/10

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3
Q

Give some properties of it

A

Gram +ve cocci

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4
Q

How is it diagnosed both non resistant and resistant

A

Through a catalase enzyme assay as it it positive

Methicillin plates used for mrsa strains

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5
Q

Which bacteria are people 18-20 at risk of and some properties

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Gram -ve (with lps) cocci

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6
Q

Where is it found asymptomatically and carried

A

Nasopharyngeal area in humans

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7
Q

What protects it from phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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8
Q

What can happen due to lps

A

Endotoxic shock/septic shcok if it occurs systemically. This is where vasodilation and circulatory collapse occurs

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9
Q

What sorts of cytokines cia tlr4 can cause this and how

A

TNFa by inducing neutrophil margination to the tissues and this has things like paf, lt, pg when degranulated

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10
Q

Septicaemia causes a haemorrhage rash. How

A

Blood clotting eg via paf activating platelets

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11
Q

Give some properties of strep pyogenes

A

Gram +ve cocci

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12
Q

Why is it different to aureus

A

Forms chains of cocci and is catalase -ve

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13
Q

Which article discusses strep pyogenes

A

Kanwal 2021

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14
Q

If not treated what 2 later things can strep p cause

A

Glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever

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15
Q

What is rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

A

Carditis and damage to valves

Where ic complex with strep ag and ab damage the glomerulus in kidneyb

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16
Q

Where does it usually colonise when transmitted eg by droplets

A

Pharynx and genital mucosa

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17
Q

Which component does it have in its capsule which blocks phagocytosis

A

Hyaluronic acid

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18
Q

Which things cause toxic shock syndrome and also scarlet fever

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins it produces

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19
Q

How does strep invade tissue

A

Streptolysin

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20
Q

What things does it cause in urt

A

Pharyngitis and eventually otitis media

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21
Q

What is the name of the bacteria which form diptheria toxin

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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22
Q

If gets to systemic blood what can it cause

A

Fever and heart failure

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23
Q

Why are they gram +ve rods

A

Incomplete division causes a rod shaped

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24
Q

How can it cause airway obstruction and death

A

Forms a pseudo membrane around pharynx and tonsils

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25
What are some properties of haemophilia influenzae
Gram -ve bacteria which is capsulared for protection
26
Where does it affect in airway
Sinuses and sometimes lower airway
27
Which 2 major issues does it cause
Meningitis and epiglottitis
28
Give an example of a gram -ve rod (unlike dip which is gram +ve)
Bordatella pertussis
29
What types of toxins does it produce
Both endotoxin eg lps and exotoxins too
30
What are the exotoxins useful for
The acellular vaccine
31
They infect the large airways and cause what if systemic
Whooping cough Vomiting , sub conjunctival haemorrhage (behind eye)
32
Strep pneumoniae is a gram +ve cocci. How is it differentiated from staph aureus
Catalase negative and also forms diplococci (2)
33
What sort of disease does it cause in children and adults
Children have invasive diseases like meningitis vs pneumonia in lower lungs of adults
34
Is it encapsulated
Yea
35
Which article discusses pneumoniae more
Weiser et al 2018
36
Where are pneumoniae commensals
On nasal epithelial usually at mucosal areas
37
What can cause it to go down lungs or systemic
Aspiration or bacteraemia into blood
38
What 3 major effects does it have
, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia of lower lungs
39
Which virus can cause increased shedding of pneumoniae and spreading eg by mucus secretions
Influenza a
40
Which substance does it release to cause pro Inflam cytokines, and damage/death of endothelial and epi lung cells
Pneumolysin
41
How does iav also increase acquisition of it in nasopharynx
Upregulste receptors for pneumoniae to bind
42
Which bacteria is an acid fast bacteria not gram -ve or +ve
Myco tb
43
It doesn’t produce any toxins so how is it infectious
It’s cell wall which is waxy and have an outer lipid layer
44
What causes susceptibility to fast spreading myco tb
Hiv immunosupression
45
Where does myco live and evade
Macrophage lysosomes
46
Why is epiglottitis a major issue
Because this is what closes the trachea to stop food going down
47
Are there more viral or bacterial infections in urt
Viral but they cause secondary bacterial infections too
48
Which inflammation can cause blue discolouration
Laryngotracheitis
49
How can you diagnose things
Bacterial cultures of throat swabs, blood cultures too
50
Why would blood cultures be used eg if epiglottitis
Can show systemic release/ spread of infection of haemophilius inflenzae which causes things like meningitis too
51
Which sorts of viruses cause common colds
Rhinoviruses (100 seri types)
52
How do you distinguish this from things like covid, iav infection
Same sysmtooms but can cause fever, systemic issues like headaches or vomiting
53
What can occur from common colds in urt
Sinusitis and otitis media
54
What is sinusitis
Where infection spreads to sinuses around eyes and behind nose causing inflammatioj eg after common cold
55
Give the major causes of sinusitis
MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS | Strep pneumoniae, h influenza , strep pyogenes, staph aureus (all of them)
56
How is chronic sinusitis different
Mix of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms
57
What is moraxella catarrhalis a member of
Nesseriaceae family - same as meningitidis as gram-ve cocci
58
Is it aerobic
Yes
59
What enzymes does it have
Oxidase and catalase +ve
60
Is it a commensalism
Yea in the urt but can get to lrt
61
Why is penecillin not used for it but amoxicillin instead
Has b lactamase so antibiotic resistant usually
62
What things can it excacerbate aswell as cause sinusitis
Copd
63
Which article discusses moraxella and viruses in sinusitis
Mccauley et Al 2021
64
What % of sinusitis cases had previous viral uri
5-10%
65
Why do they cause this
They induce inflammation in mucosa and also bacterial proliferation in nasopharynx areas
66
Children who experienced sinusitis after viral uri had distinguished Microbiota taxa. Explain
Dominated moraxella and haemophilia and lower lactobacilales and prevotella specifies
67
What cellular damage means mucus isn’t removed from sinuses they get congested and inflammation also
Cilia damage eg afterbinfection
68
What sorts of treatments are there
Analgesics for the pain, decongestants, amoxicillin/antibiotics
69
What is otitis media
Middle ear inflammatikn
70
Name some causes
Strep pneumoniae, h influenza, s pyogenes, moraxella catarrhalis, common colds
71
How does infection spread to the middle ear
The Eustachian tube
72
How is it diagnosed and what do you see
Otoscope. Can see redness and bulging of the tympanic membrane If a long term infection can be pus or blood
73
Analgesics or antibiotics can be given for acute treatment. What is put in for recurrent
Grommet plastic tube which allows draining of pus, opening of Eustachian tube to stop hearing impairment
74
If no pus is present near pharynx/tonsils what does this mean
It isn’t tonsillitis but pharyngitis
75
What is the biggest cause of pharyngitis
B haemolytic strep pyogenes (can also be diptheriae tho)
76
Can it also be viral and fungal
Yes. Most cases are viral accompanied with a common cold or influenza
77
What is given if swollen lymph nodes seen there
Antibiotics as it indicates a bacterial issue eg strep which can be systemic
78
What can cover tonsils and pharynx
Tonsils can be covered by membranes / inflammatory exudate/ pus Pharynx can be seen covered in ulcers on the walls
79
Why is it important to identify pharyngitis caused by strep eg with swollen lymph nodes
Causes other issues like rheumatic fever etc
80
Which antibiotic is given for this cause of tonsillitis/ pharyngitis
Penecillin G | Viruses not treated with antibiotics
81
What is the major cause of laryngitis causing loss of voice / hoarseness
Viral infections eg flu or cold
82
What bacteria can cause it
H influenza , strep, corynebacterium
83
Which article discusses link between viruses and density of bacteria in urti
Demuri et Al 2018
84
What % of urti have viruses detected
80%
85
What bacteria were increased in colonisation frequency by viruses like rv, influenzaA, corona
Strep pneumoniae eg in otitis media, h influenza and moraxella catarrhalis for sinusitis

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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