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Mucosal Surfaces > L13- Viruses > Flashcards

L13- Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What can affect host varistions when infected with viruses

A

Their eg suscetibility of diseases eyc. Due to thr integration of viral genomes (virome)

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2
Q

How many copies of rv genomes do we have

A

30k aprox

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3
Q

What types of euk viruses are in hunab

A

Pathogenic, non pathogenic, fungal viruses, microbial parasitic viruses eg tvv

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4
Q

Are pahges or viruses more common

A

Phages as we have more bacterial cells

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5
Q

What is the lytic cycle

A

Whete phage particles are produced within bacterial crlls and xaude lysis when bud out

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6
Q

What is lysogenic cycle

A

Where the phage genome is integrated into bacterial genome forming a prophage.

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7
Q

What sort of HGT events ovcur in lysogenic

A

Virulence eg shiga toxin, antibiotic resistance, killing of competitors

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8
Q

What are the 2 fates of lysogenic phade

A

Keep replicating genome or enter lytic stage again

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9
Q

How does shiga toxin in ehec cause diarrhoea

A

Blocks host protein synthesis

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10
Q

What diseases is ehec related to

A

Harmorrhagic colitis , haemolytic uremia syndrome

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11
Q

Are phages weakly or highly ikmunogrnic

A

Weak. They form a low titre of neutralising ab but no inflammation (could be incolved in tolerance??)

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12
Q

What NA is extracted from phages

A

Both rna and dna because can have both thpes of phages

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13
Q

What is all na transferred to before sequencing

A

Cdna

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14
Q

Which srticle discusses metagenomics with phages

A

Lawrence et al 2019

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15
Q

How are phages isolated (lawrence 2019)

A

Using plaque assays where bscteria grown pn agar plates rhen isolate phages by looking st plaque forms

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16
Q

Do all phages form plaques

A

No = issue wjrh isolatikn

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17
Q

What are alternstive methofs eg for isolsting single cells

A

FACS - fluorescence activsted cell sorting

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18
Q

What is VLP and how does it allow isolation of phage NA

A

Birus like particle prep isolates bacteria from NA eg cia centrifugation

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19
Q

What 2 types of data teference programs are for phages

A

Both for integrated phages prophages and non integrated sequences too

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20
Q

What is an issue eith phage databases

A

Low diversity of reference genomes. 80% are caudovirales

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21
Q

Which phage was found to infeeqse in ibd patients whilst lower bacterial diversity

A

Caudovirales

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22
Q

What bactefia had positive correlation with caudoviralea in ibd

A

Prevotella

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23
Q

Which pathogenic microbiota increased in bacterial vaginosis / sysbiosis which had many prophages = link to disease

A

Gardnerella

24
Q

Why are pahges known yo be modulstors of bacteria in bealth anr disease

A

Due to their promotion of bscterial genome envolution and colonisation of jew niches

25
Q

Whoch std virus has ds dna

A

HPV

26
Q

What genome does HRV have (colds)

A

Ss rna

27
Q

Sars cov also has ssrna. How is infleunza different

A

Its ss rna is setmented et for ag drift and shift

28
Q

Why is nasal vaccine dev importwnt for things like hpv and covid

A

Provides eith 50% of igg and also siga

29
Q

What forms the upper airways (nalt)

A

Nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx

30
Q

What forms the fentral airways (balt)

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

31
Q

What yupes of cells form mucus in central airways and which gorm cilia

A

Goblet cells and culiated cells fornremoval of mucus

32
Q

What forms the lower airways Balt

A

Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

33
Q

Which immune crlls are v important in alveoli lumen , ie and ec

A

Macrophges

34
Q

Which ig is formed in upper tract and airway cia m cells sampling

A

Siga

35
Q

How does 50% of the igg against viral infection in lower resp tract get therr

A

Cia blood stream transudatuon and exudatuon methods (other 50% is local production)

36
Q

Which viruses are common in upper tract

A

Rhino viruses (eg hrv) and staph aureus

37
Q

Which are common in lower whete igg is

A

Infleunza, strep pneumoniae

38
Q

Cha you use chemo with virus infections

A

No only bsctefial onfrctions

39
Q

What id the main cold causing virus

A

Rhino viruses eg hrv.

40
Q

Why is there no vaccine for rhjno viruses

A

100+ strains so cant be effective

41
Q

Is hrv only in upper tract

A

No also in lower airways

42
Q

What is the correlation between hrv and asthma

A

Hrv presence causes excessive inflammation, as well as the already excess allergic response causing epi barrier damage. This means hrv exacerbates/makes asthma worse

43
Q

What sort of symtkms is linked to this

A

Problems with breathing

44
Q

Give edamples of zoonotic viruses

A

Rabies
Ebola (bats)
Covid (bats)
Hiv 1- chimpanzees

45
Q

Influenza A can be zoonotic eg bird. What is human to animal called

A

Zooanthroponosis

46
Q

How many segmented ss rna does inflenza have

A

8 ssrna

47
Q

What allows antigenic shift

A

Segment reassortment when 2 strains come together. Ag ha and na completely diff

48
Q

What type of vaccine is rhe nasal vax for infleunza and what response

A

Live attenuated

Allows siga profuction and igg in airways

49
Q

What is givrn to increase igg in resp tract for infleunza

A

Parentral subunit vaccine

50
Q

Why is the efrectiveness of vsccine low

A

Ag shift and drift

51
Q

What does rhe viral guy lung axis eventuslkt cause

A

Secondary bacterial infections/pneumonia (air sac/alveoli fill up)

52
Q

What sort of cellular / environmental effects in lunts does ciruses cause

A 
Ifn response increase 
Infreased mcuus build up
Loss of cilia 
Epithelial damage 
Cytokine/pro inflam
53
Q

What sort of bacterial changes seen in lungs after viral infection

A

Increase in proteobscteria eg H infleunza, increased firmicutes like s aureus, s. Pneumoniae

54
Q

How do viruses impact gut

A

Affect microbiota eg increase in proteobscteria, h. Infleunza, bacteroidetes

reduction in firmicutes like sfb and lactobacillus whicu would form protection,

Eg lactobscillus sctivates dc which then activate nk

55
Q

How does gut microbiota affect lung after viral infection

A

Lowers macrophages/neurrophils (eg by drcreasing sfb)

Also reduces other inflam cells

This also eventuallt allows secondary bacterial pneumonia

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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