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Mucosal Surfaces > Intro To Mucosa > Flashcards

Intro To Mucosa Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major tracts covered by mucosa surface

A

Gastrointestinal tract (mouth down to anus)

Uro genital tract (genital and urinary organs eg uterus, bladder, vagina)

Respiratory tract (upper and lower)

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2
Q

What defines mucosal surfaces

A

Epithelial cells sexreting mucus

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3
Q

What is the human - microbiota together called

A

Supraorganism , they act together

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4
Q

What tpyes of environmental impacts can affect microbiota configuration either eubiosis or dysbiosis

A

Antibiotics
Other parasites/pathogens
Diet

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5
Q

How many cells in the supra organism

A

100 trillion microbiota cells

10 trillionnown cells (more microbiota)

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6
Q

What 2 effects do microbesbhave in supraorganism

A

Release bas things such as toxins OR good things like metabolites (vitamin K, SCFA)

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7
Q

Give an example how dysbiosis occurs theough environmental pressure

A

Antibiotics will reduce biodiversity, biomass, and increaae pathobionts like c difficile because leas competition

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8
Q

What makes up microbiota

A

Viruses,bacteria, euk microbes, fungi

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9
Q

Diff parhogens eg bacteria and viruses interact, give some examples

A

Herpes simplex allows bacterial resistance

Virulence susceptibility due to bacterial presence

Helminths cause autoimmune disease resistance

E coli and e hystolytica increase virulence of eukaryotes

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10
Q

What cells mostly reaide on mucosal surfaces (MALT)

A

Immune cells 2/3 of them

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11
Q

What are the 2 functions of mucosal surfaces

A

Exchange with outside eg breathing, feeding/digestion , reproduction

Form barriers to chemical or biological insults

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12
Q

What helps modulate rhe 2 functions

A

Epithelial cells and microbiota eg the microbiota xan change exchanhe rates

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13
Q

What are the primary mucosal defence systems

A

Immediate innate defences -

Mechanical - tight junctions,mucus

Chemixal - amps, lactoferrins, lysozymes, mucus

Microbial - h2o2, lactic acid, bacteriocins

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14
Q

How do microbial defences work

A

H2o2 provides protection from candida

Lacric acid from giruses like hiv

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15
Q

What is the secondary defence

A

Induced innate (after infection)

More amps, cells like macrophages, mucins

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16
Q

What is the last tertiary defence system

A

Adaptice - immune cells and sIgA

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17
Q

How does microbiota affect all defence syatems

A

Modulates them at all levels

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18
Q

What 2 major effects regarding immune system can microbiota have to induce health/ atop inflammation

A

Reduce ige th2 rwaponse

Increase t regs

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19
Q

What is the gut lung axis

A

Where healthy microbiota in intestines/gut can induce LOCAL immune responses eg scfa secretion

Then disturbance/infection/diet/drugs

Change microbiota, change in immune system

Form chronic inflammatort diseases in gut and lung

Can form chronic inf

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20
Q

Where is stratified epithelial (multilayer) seen

A

Skin, oral mucosa and vagina

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21
Q

Where is simple single layer epi seen

A

In all 3 tracts

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22
Q

How is microbiota composition studied

A

16s rrna sequencing

Metagenomics of whole populations

Detect changes in microbiota from helath to disease

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23
Q

What 3 effects do microbiota in gut have not to do with immune function

A

Detoxification of eg xenobiotics

Biosynthesis of vitamins like K

Metabolic effects eg insoluble fibre to SCFA for energy and immune function

24
Q

What is the indirect and direct parhogenic protection by microbes

A

Indirect - via innate and adaptive immune system eg peyers patch induction, t cells and iga

Direct - attack pathogens via toxins etc or through crowding for nutrients

25
Q

What 3 things do goblet cells produce

A

Mucins
Trefoil peptides
Relm - b

Mucons and trefoil make mucus

26
Q

Which cells produce amps, lectins and cytokines in mucosal barrier

A

Paneth

27
Q

What do leukocytes and stroma cells do in mucosal barrier

A

Regulate sexretory cell differentiation and activation

and modulate epithelial cell function eg iga secretion (producing secretory molecule)

28
Q

What modulates all cell types

A

Microbiota

29
Q

How does microbiota affect goblet cells

A

Affects differentiation division and sexrwtion

Also glycosylate mucins

30
Q

What do secreted molecules in barrier have impact on

A

Composition of microbiota

31
Q

What 2 things protect from microbiota and parhogens

A

Mucins and amps

32
Q

How do amps work

A

A, b or theta defensins

Secreted by paneth 
They have microbiocidal effects 
Work in low conc 
Can also kill enceloped viruses 
Constitutivelt expressed but increased in pathogne presence

Works by disrupting membranes

33
Q

Which cells secrete mucins in stomach

A

Foveolar cells (goblet in small and lathe intestine)

34
Q

Are mucins always sexreted

A

Noncan be memrbane bound too

35
Q

What are rhe 4 major epithelial cells in intestine mucosa

A

Goblet(mucus), paneth(amps)entero- endocrine cells (hormone) and absorptive epithelial cells (cytokines)

36
Q

What is the gap between villi called

A

Crypt

37
Q

What stem cells are what all epithelial xells from

A

Lgr5 marked stem cells (smith 2013)

38
Q

What happens to the epithelial cells

A

Shed and self renew back from new lgr5 stem cells in the crypt

39
Q

What is the underlayer of connective tissue below epithelila xells xalled

A

Lamina propria

40
Q

What immune cells reside the most in lamina propria

A

A4:b7 integrin t cells and ccr9 t cells (usually CD4)

41
Q

What cells usually are intraepithelial

A

Cd8 wirh ccr9 and aE:b7 which binds e cadherin (smith 2013)

42
Q

What are the 4 thpes of prr on cells like macrophages, dendrites which detect parhogens

A

TLR
Rig 1 like RLR
Nod like
C type lectin CLR

43
Q

What do c type lectin receptors (cell surface)detect

A

Glycans from fungi or bacteria walls

44
Q

Where are TLR

A

Membrane or endosomes

45
Q

What can tlr induce

A

Mapk , nfkb, irf

46
Q

What are the 3 nod receptor classes

A

NLPRs (recofnise all pathogen pamps)

Aim2 (bacteria and viral dna)

Nod 1 and 2 (peptidoglycan)

47
Q

What does rig like 1 detect

A

Viral rna

48
Q

How do Rig signal and what

A

Via mavs mitochondrial adaptor protein

Triggers antiviral reaponse eg ifn a and b

49
Q

For what type of parhogen are amps and iga good for

A

Extraceullar surfwce pathogens wg neisseria , strep, albicans

50
Q

What type of pathogens seen on resp tract

A

Mycobacterium tb
Strep
Influenza

51
Q

What thpe of pathogens seen in GI tract

A

H pylori, salmonella typhi, vibrio cholerae

52
Q

What type of pathogen in genito urinary system

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea, hiv, herpes simplex

53
Q

Points in (clemente 2012)

A

Twins share only around 50% of same microbiota taxa

During first weeks of birth, tlr are not active to build microbiome

Lack of microbiota resulta in teduced iga secretion

54
Q

What did (khoruts 2010) find

A

C difficile facal transplant increased bacteroides from a deprived bacteriodetes and firmicutes patient

The bacteroides reduced CDAD symptoms

55
Q

What did (de filippo et al 2010) find

A

Burkina faso populations with high fibre diets found to have much more bacteroidetes than the uk

More baxteria of the prevotella genus (phylum bacteriodetes) because they have genes for cellulose hydrolysis = increased scfa

56
Q

Give an example of c type lectin receptors

A

Dectin 1 which recognises 1,3 glucans from fungi

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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