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Mucosal Surfaces > L11- Fungi > Flashcards

L11- Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What does heterotrophs mean

A

They acquire nutrients from other organisms

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2
Q

How much bigger are fungi than bscteria making them difficult to study

A

10-100 x larger

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3
Q

How mant fungi species seen during sequencing mycobiome

A

50+ (less than bacteria)

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4
Q

Whoch is more diverse, mucosa or skin

A

Mucosa

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5
Q

What encironmental fungi can be seen in the lung

A

Aspergillus and cryptococcus

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of how diet affrct mycobiome

A

Penecillium found in animal diets and agaricus is white mushroom

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7
Q

What increases during breastfeeding

A

Increase in candida

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8
Q

What fungi incrrase furing solid food intake

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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9
Q

What increases during a veg diet vs animal

A

Veg- increase in candida vs mest and cheese has penecillium

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10
Q

What alternativr sequencing method is there to shotgun fir mycobiome

A

Amplicon - not random as you need to amplify single gene and design primers to compare eith reference databwses

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11
Q

What is teh issue with amplicon

A

Need to know the sequence to design primers but for fungi there are leas reference genomes available

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12
Q

Instwad of 16srrna what gene is used in amplicon gor mycobikme

A

Its1 and its2- can capture the diversity of fungi

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13
Q

What does efficiency of shot gun metagenomics depend on

A

How easy it is to break and lyse cells for sample extraction

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14
Q

WhT sort of detail can you get from metagenomics bias asidr

A

Strain level detail, functional analysis, relative abundance

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15
Q

What is extraction bias

A

Fact bacteria are easier to lyse due to universal peptidoglycan so lysozyme methods. Fungi have different glucans and chitin much harder to break. Csnnot extract sample easy

A

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16
Q

Why does larger crll biomwss affect mycibiome studying

A

Harder to rxtraft dna if there is more biomass to remove etc

17
Q

What is culture bias and give example lf why this is issue

A

Some fungi sre mich easierto culture like xandida vs malassezia wuich is harder

Means more reference data on more candida strains than malassezia, makes identification harder

18
Q

How many reference genetic databases in 2019 of fungi bs bacteria rougkly

A

Around 4000 for fungi and 180 k for bacteria

19
Q

Why is metagenomics harder with fungal dna

A

Both exons and introns

20
Q

Why is metatranscriptomics better gor fungi

A

Rna has no introns, and also eliminates dead fungi as need to be metabolically active and live to form rna

21
Q

What 2 specieis of fungi were most abundant according to hmp

A

Candida and malassezia

22
Q

Give an example where the its1 and its2 sequencing amplicon was incosistant

A

Malassezia cia its1 was not picked up compared to its2

23
Q

What % of aequenfes from hmp were fungi

A

0.01% (but the biases werent considered)

24
Q

Whcih article discusses diet chnages to fungi and bacteria

A

Lawrence et al 2013

25
Q

What sorts of vegetables increased candida after 1 day

A

Tomatoes and squash

26
Q

What sorts of food can increase aspergillus in the mouth

A

Spices

27
Q

Ehat eort of diet increased deoxycholic acid producing bacteria (good tor cholera protrtion)

A

Animal

28
Q

Which indole forming bacteria was reduced in vegetation fiet

A

Prevotella (but also has some issues like inflam)

29
Q

What is ammensalism

A

One organism having a negative egfect on the other in terms of fungi- bacteria in host

30
Q

Other than M,c and p ehat other interaction between fungi and bacteria

A

Competition where they negatively impact each other

31
Q

Which article described fungi- bacteria interactions

A

Richard and sokol 2019

32
Q

Which bacteria was synergistic which ecoli and c albicans (r and s 2019) and in which disease

A

Crohns disease

Serratia marcescens

33
Q

How did serratia marcescens attach both rcoli and c albicans in crohns

A

Fimbriae

34
Q

What did the 3 form and how

A

A biofilm which eas resisyant to the immune system

Via quorum signalling

35
Q

What commensal interaction does c albicans have with s aureus (ecfept thr rowan nash atticlr)

A

Farnesol quorum signalling molecule from calbicans can increase s aureus resistance to vancomycin antibiotic = cvirulence

36
Q

How does candida spp allow c difficile growth

A

Allows it to grow in aerobic conditions when it is anerobic obligste. It consumes all of the o2

37
Q

Which 2 bacteria were able to revert fungal colonisation of candida albicans

A

Bacteroidetes theta and blautia producta

38
Q

How

A

Increase LL37 via hif1a mechanism

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

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