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Anatomy of The Abdomen > Kidneys and Ureters > Flashcards

Kidneys and Ureters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood pressure, and blood filtration.

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2
Q

What is the renal hilum?

A

Indentation on the medial border of the kidney where the renal vessels and ureter enter and exit.

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3
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Outer region of the kidney containing nephrons.

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4
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner region of the kidney containing renal pyramids.

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5
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids and funnels it into the ureter.

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6
Q

What are nephrons?

A

Functional units of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

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7
Q

What are the two main parts of a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

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8
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Network of capillaries where blood filtration occurs.

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9
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

Double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus.

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10
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

Long, twisted tube where urine formation occurs.

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11
Q

What are the three sections of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

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12
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A

First segment of the renal tubule responsible for reabsorption and secretion.

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13
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

U-shaped portion of the renal tubule.

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb and ascending limb.

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15
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

A

Last segment of the renal tubule responsible for fine-tuning electrolyte balance.

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16
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Structure that receives urine from multiple nephrons and carries it to the renal pelvis.

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17
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

Specialized structure involved in regulating blood pressure and filtration rate.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Regulating blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, and renin secretion.

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19
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Combination of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

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20
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Specialized cells in Bowman’s capsule involved in filtration.

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21
Q

What is renal blood flow?

A

Volume of blood flowing through the kidneys per unit of time.

22
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

Blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys.

23
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.

24
Q

What is the ureter?

A

Tube connecting the kidney to the bladder.

25
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

Triangular area in the bladder delineated by the openings of the ureters and urethra.

26
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

Smooth muscle layer of the bladder responsible for contraction during urination.

27
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body.

28
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Smooth muscle sphincter at the bladder neck.

29
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle sphincter under voluntary control.

30
Q

What is renal autoregulation?

A

Intrinsic ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate.

31
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A

Hormonal system involved in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

32
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in renal function?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

33
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in renal function?

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

34
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s capsule per unit of time.

35
Q

What factors affect GFR?

A

Blood pressure, blood volume, and resistance in the renal arterioles.

36
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

Volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by the kidneys per unit of time.

37
Q

What is the significance of renal clearance in clinical practice?

A

Indicates kidney function and efficiency of substance clearance.

38
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Movement of substances from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream.

39
Q

What substances are typically reabsorbed in the renal tubules?

A

Glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.

40
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Movement of substances from the bloodstream into the renal tubules.

41
Q

What substances are typically secreted in the renal tubules?

A

Hydrogen ions, potassium ions, and drugs.

42
Q

What is the countercurrent mechanism?

A

Mechanism by which the nephron establishes a concentration gradient in the medulla.

43
Q

How does the countercurrent mechanism contribute to urine concentration?

A

Facilitates reabsorption of water and concentration of urine.

44
Q

What is the role of the vasa recta in the countercurrent mechanism?

A

Maintains the concentration gradient without washing out solutes.

45
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

Reflex that controls the storage and emptying of urine from the bladder.

46
Q

What is the role of the pontine micturition center in micturition?

A

Brain region that coordinates the micturition reflex.

47
Q

What is the voluntary control of micturition?

A

Ability to consciously initiate or inhibit urination.

48
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in micturition?

A

Inhibits detrusor muscle contraction and stimulates internal urethral sphincter contraction.

49
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in micturition?

A

Stimulates detrusor muscle contraction and relaxes internal urethral sphincter.

50
Q

What is renal physiology?

A

Study of the function of the kidneys.

Anatomy of The Abdomen (28 decks)

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