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Anatomy of The Abdomen > Anatomy of the Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the pancreas?

A

The main functions of the pancreas include endocrine hormone production (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine enzyme secretion for digestion.

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2
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the pancreas.

A

The pancreas is located retroperitoneally in the abdominal cavity, behind the stomach and adjacent to the duodenum.

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3
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas is anatomically divided into a head, body, and tail.

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4
Q

Explain the blood supply to the pancreas.

A

The pancreas is supplied by branches of the celiac artery (splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery).

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5
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the pancreas.

A

The lymphatic drainage of the pancreas primarily involves lymph nodes around the pancreaticoduodenal arteries.

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6
Q

What are the main cell types in the pancreatic islets?

A

The pancreatic islets contain alpha cells (producing glucagon), beta cells (producing insulin), delta cells (producing somatostatin), and PP cells (producing pancreatic polypeptide).

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7
Q

What hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets?

A

The pancreatic islets produce hormones such as insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of acinar cells in the pancreas.

A

Acinar cells in the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases.

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9
Q

Explain the process of pancreatic enzyme activation.

A

Pancreatic enzyme activation occurs in the duodenum, where inactive proenzymes are converted into active enzymes.

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10
Q

What is the role of pancreatic juice in digestion?

A

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for digestion (lipase, amylase, proteases) and bicarbonate for neutralizing stomach acid.

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11
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pancreatic duct system.

A

The pancreatic duct system includes the main pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) and accessory duct (duct of Santorini).

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12
Q

What is the pancreaticoduodenal artery, and what structures does it supply?

A

The pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the pancreas, duodenum, and associated structures.

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13
Q

Explain the clinical significance of the pancreatic duct.

A

The pancreatic duct can be obstructed, leading to pancreatic ductal dilation and potential complications.

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14
Q

What is the pancreas divisum?

A

Pancreas divisum is a congenital anomaly where the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts fail to fuse.

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15
Q

Describe the arterial supply to the liver.

A

The liver is primarily supplied by the hepatic artery (from the celiac trunk) and portal vein.

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16
Q

Explain the venous drainage of the liver.

A

Venous drainage of the liver occurs via the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava.

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17
Q

What are the anatomical lobes of the liver?

A

The liver has two anatomical lobes: the right lobe and left lobe.

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18
Q

Describe the structure and function of hepatocytes.

A

Hepatocytes are the main functional cells of the liver, responsible for metabolic processes and detoxification.

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19
Q

What is the hepatic triad?

A

The hepatic triad consists of a bile ductule, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of the portal vein.

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20
Q

Explain the function of Kupffer cells in the liver.

A

Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages in the liver responsible for phagocytosis.

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21
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion?

A

Bile aids in emulsification and digestion of fats in the small intestine.

22
Q

Describe the anatomy of the bile duct system.

A

The bile duct system includes the hepatic ducts, common bile duct, and cystic duct.

23
Q

Explain the composition and function of bile.

A

Bile is composed of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, phospholipids, and water.

24
Q

What is the gallbladder, and what is its function?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

25
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply to the gallbladder.

A

The gallbladder is supplied by the cystic artery (branch of the right hepatic artery).

26
Q

Explain the venous drainage of the gallbladder.

A

Venous drainage of the gallbladder occurs via the cystic vein into the portal vein.

27
Q

What is the cystic duct, and what does it connect?

A

The cystic duct connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct.

28
Q

Describe the anatomical relations of the liver.

A

The liver is related to various abdominal organs, including the stomach, intestines, and diaphragm.

29
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

The porta hepatis is a fissure in the liver where the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct enter.

30
Q

Explain the hepatic portal system.

A

The hepatic portal system carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver for processing.

31
Q

What is the role of the liver in metabolism?

A

The liver is involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, as well as detoxification of drugs and toxins.

32
Q

Describe the functions of the liver in detoxification.

A

The liver detoxifies harmful substances by metabolizing drugs, toxins, and metabolic byproducts, making them more water-soluble for excretion.

33
Q

What is the significance of the liver in protein synthesis?

A

The liver synthesizes plasma proteins such as albumin, clotting factors, and complement proteins.

34
Q

Explain the process of bile formation.

A

Bile formation occurs in hepatocytes and involves the secretion of bile acids and cholesterol.

35
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation?

A

Enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling of bile acids between the liver and intestines.

36
Q

Describe the innervation of the liver.

A

The liver receives innervation from the autonomic nervous system, including sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

37
Q

What is the significance of the liver in hematopoiesis?

A

The liver has a limited role in hematopoiesis, primarily during fetal development.

38
Q

Explain the concept of liver regeneration.

A

Liver regeneration can occur after injury through the proliferation of hepatocytes.

39
Q

What are some common liver diseases?

A

Common liver diseases include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

40
Q

Describe the anatomical divisions of the liver based on vascular supply.

A

The liver is divided into functional lobes based on the distribution of the hepatic artery and portal vein.

41
Q

What is the ligamentum teres hepatis, and what is its significance?

A

The ligamentum teres hepatis is a remnant of the umbilical vein and serves as a landmark for liver segments.

42
Q

Explain the significance of the falciform ligament.

A

The falciform ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and contains the ligamentum teres.

43
Q

What is the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

The liver plays a role in glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis.

44
Q

Describe the portal triad in the liver.

A

The portal triad consists of a bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of the portal vein.

45
Q

Explain the clinical significance of the liver’s dual blood supply.

A

The dual blood supply of the liver ensures adequate oxygenation and nutrient supply.

46
Q

What are some imaging techniques used to visualize the pancreas and liver?

A

Imaging techniques for the pancreas and liver include ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

47
Q

Describe the embryological development of the pancreas.

A

The pancreas develops from the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds during embryogenesis.

48
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic sphincter?

A

The pancreatic sphincter controls the flow of pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

49
Q

What are some common pancreatic disorders?

A

Common pancreatic disorders include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and cystic fibrosis.

50
Q

Explain the concept of liver function tests.

A

Liver function tests assess liver function and include measures of enzymes, bilirubin, and proteins.

Anatomy of The Abdomen (28 decks)

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