Abdominal Parts of The Stomach and Oesophagus

Question 1

What are the four parts of the stomach?

Answer 1

Four parts of the stomach: Cardia, fundus, body, antrum.

Question 2

Describe the location and function of the cardia.

Answer 2

Location and function of the cardia: Near gastroesophageal junction, prevents reflux.

Question 3

What is the function of the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 3

Function of the fundus: Food storage and initial digestion.

Question 4

Identify the area of the stomach responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices.

Answer 4

Area responsible for grinding food: Antrum.

Question 5

Describe the structure and function of the body of the stomach.

Answer 5

Structure and function of the body: Main region for food storage and mixing.

Question 6

What is the role of the antrum in gastric function?

Answer 6

Role of antrum: Grinding food and regulating gastric emptying.

Question 7

Explain the significance of the pylorus in gastric emptying.

Answer 7

Significance of pylorus: Controls passage of chyme into duodenum.

Question 8

Describe the structure and function of the pyloric sphincter.

Answer 8

Structure and function of pyloric sphincter: Regulates chyme flow.

Question 9

What is the histological composition of the mucosa of the stomach?

Answer 9

Histological composition of stomach mucosa: Mucous membrane with gastric pits and glands.

Question 10

Explain the role of gastric pits in gastric secretion.

Answer 10

Role of gastric pits: Site of gastric juice secretion.

Question 11

What are gastric glands, and what do they secrete?

Answer 11

Gastric glands: Tubular structures secreting gastric juice.

Question 12

Describe the structure and function of chief cells in the stomach.

Answer 12

Structure and function of chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion.

Question 13

What is the function of parietal cells in gastric secretion?

Answer 13

Function of parietal cells: Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.

Question 14

Explain the importance of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells.

Answer 14

Importance of intrinsic factor: Necessary for B12 absorption.

Question 15

What is the role of mucous cells in the stomach?

Answer 15

Role of mucous cells: Produce mucus for protection.

Question 16

Describe the function of G cells in gastric secretion.

Answer 16

Function of G cells: Produce gastrin to stimulate acid secretion.

Question 17

Explain the mechanism of gastrin secretion and its effects on gastric function.

Answer 17

Mechanism of gastrin secretion: Stimulated by food, increases acid secretion.

Question 18

What is the function of somatostatin in the stomach?

Answer 18

Function of somatostatin: Inhibits gastric acid secretion.

Question 19

Describe the blood supply of the stomach.

Answer 19

Blood supply of the stomach: Mainly from celiac artery branches.

Question 20

Explain the arterial supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach.

Answer 20

Arterial supply to lesser curvature: Left and right gastric arteries.

Question 21

What is the significance of the left gastric artery?

Answer 21

Significance of left gastric artery: Forms anastomosis with right gastric artery.

Question 22

Describe the arterial supply to the greater curvature of the stomach.

Answer 22

Arterial supply to greater curvature: Right and left gastroepiploic arteries.

Question 23

Explain the importance of the right and left gastroepiploic arteries.

Answer 23

Importance of gastroepiploic arteries: Contribute to vascular supply.

Question 24

What is the blood supply to the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 24

Blood supply to fundus: From branches of left gastric artery.

Question 25

Describe the venous drainage of the stomach.

Answer 25

Venous drainage of the stomach: Into portal venous system.

Question 26

Explain the course and significance of the gastric veins.

Answer 26

Course and significance of gastric veins: Contribute to portal circulation.

Question 27

What is the role of the hepatic portal system in venous drainage of the stomach?

Answer 27

Role of hepatic portal system: Transports blood to liver.

Question 28

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the stomach.

Answer 28

Lymphatic drainage of stomach: Into regional lymph nodes.

Question 29

Explain the pathway of lymphatic vessels from the stomach to the lymph nodes.

Answer 29

Pathway of lymphatic vessels: Follow arterial branches to gastric lymph nodes.

Question 30

What are the major lymph node groups involved in the drainage of the stomach?

Answer 30

Major lymph node groups: Celiac and gastric lymph nodes.

Question 31

Describe the innervation of the stomach.

Answer 31

Innervation of the stomach: Via vagus nerve and sympathetic nerves.

Question 32

Explain the role of the vagus nerve in gastric innervation.

Answer 32

Role of vagus nerve: Stimulates gastric secretion and motility.

Question 33

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in gastric function?

Answer 33

Parasympathetic nervous system function: Increases gastric activity.

Question 34

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the stomach.

Answer 34

Sympathetic innervation: From celiac plexus, inhibits gastric function.

Question 35

Explain the role of sympathetic stimulation in gastric motility and secretion.

Answer 35

Sympathetic stimulation role: Reduces gastric activity during stress.

Question 36

What is the role of the enteric nervous system in regulating gastric function?

Answer 36

Enteric nervous system function: Coordinate local reflexes.

Question 37

Describe the reflex arcs involved in gastric secretion and motility.

Answer 37

Reflex arcs in gastric function: Coordinated involuntary responses.

Question 38

Explain the importance of the gastrocolic reflex.

Answer 38

Gastrocolic reflex: Stimulates colonic motility postprandially.

Question 39

Describe the anatomy of the esophagus.

Answer 39

Anatomy of the esophagus: Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach.

Question 40

What are the three parts of the esophagus?

Answer 40

Three parts of the esophagus: Cervical, thoracic, abdominal.

Question 41

Explain the significance of the upper esophageal sphincter.

Answer 41

Upper esophageal sphincter significance: Prevents air entry during respiration.

Question 42

Describe the muscular layers of the esophagus.

Answer 42

Muscular layers: Inner circular and outer longitudinal.

Question 43

Explain the role of the lower esophageal sphincter.

Answer 43

Lower esophageal sphincter role: Prevents gastric reflux.

Question 44

What is the function of the esophageal mucosa?

Answer 44

Esophageal mucosa function: Protects against damage.

Question 45

Describe the blood supply of the esophagus.

Answer 45

Blood supply of the esophagus: From aorta and subclavian arteries.

Question 46

Explain the arterial supply to the upper esophagus.

Answer 46

Arterial supply to upper esophagus: Inferior thyroid artery branches.

Question 47

What is the significance of the inferior thyroid artery?

Answer 47

Significance of inferior thyroid artery: Supplies upper esophagus and thyroid.

Question 48

Describe the arterial supply to the middle and lower esophagus.

Answer 48

Arterial supply to middle and lower esophagus: From thoracic aorta branches.

Question 49

Explain the importance of the esophageal branches of the aorta.

Answer 49

Esophageal branches of aorta: Supply middle and lower parts.

Question 50

Describe the venous drainage of the esophagus.

Answer 50

Venous drainage: Into azygos and hemiazygos veins.

Question 51

Explain the course and significance of the esophageal veins.

Answer 51

Esophageal veins: Connect esophagus to systemic circulation.

Question 52

What is the role of the portal vein in venous drainage of the esophagus?

Answer 52

Portal vein role: Drains lower esophagus into liver.

Question 53

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the esophagus.

Answer 53

Lymphatic drainage: Into regional lymph nodes.

Question 54

Explain the pathway of lymphatic vessels from the esophagus to the lymph nodes.

Answer 54

Lymphatic vessel pathway: Follows arterial branches.

Question 55

What are the major lymph node groups involved in the drainage of the esophagus?

Answer 55

Major lymph node groups: Cervical, mediastinal, abdominal.

Question 56

Describe the innervation of the esophagus.

Answer 56

Innervation: Vagus nerve and sympathetic nerves.

Question 57

Explain the role of the vagus nerve in esophageal innervation.

Answer 57

Vagus nerve function: Regulates peristalsis and sphincter.

Question 58

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in esophageal motility?

Answer 58

Parasympathetic nervous system: Stimulates esophageal motility.

Question 59

Describe the sympathetic innervation of the esophagus.

Answer 59

Sympathetic innervation: Inhibits peristalsis and sphincter.

Question 60

Explain the role of sympathetic stimulation in esophageal function.

Answer 60

Sympathetic stimulation: Reduces esophageal activity during stress.

Question 61

What is the role of the enteric nervous system in regulating esophageal function?

Answer 61

Enteric nervous system role: Controls local reflexes.

Question 62

Describe the reflex arcs involved in esophageal peristalsis and sphincter control.

Answer 62

Reflex arcs: Initiated by swallowing, coordinated by enteric system.