Abdominal Parts of The Stomach and Oesophagus Flashcards
What are the four parts of the stomach?
Four parts of the stomach: Cardia, fundus, body, antrum.
Describe the location and function of the cardia.
Location and function of the cardia: Near gastroesophageal junction, prevents reflux.
What is the function of the fundus of the stomach?
Function of the fundus: Food storage and initial digestion.
Identify the area of the stomach responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices.
Area responsible for grinding food: Antrum.
Describe the structure and function of the body of the stomach.
Structure and function of the body: Main region for food storage and mixing.
What is the role of the antrum in gastric function?
Role of antrum: Grinding food and regulating gastric emptying.
Explain the significance of the pylorus in gastric emptying.
Significance of pylorus: Controls passage of chyme into duodenum.
Describe the structure and function of the pyloric sphincter.
Structure and function of pyloric sphincter: Regulates chyme flow.
What is the histological composition of the mucosa of the stomach?
Histological composition of stomach mucosa: Mucous membrane with gastric pits and glands.
Explain the role of gastric pits in gastric secretion.
Role of gastric pits: Site of gastric juice secretion.
What are gastric glands, and what do they secrete?
Gastric glands: Tubular structures secreting gastric juice.
Describe the structure and function of chief cells in the stomach.
Structure and function of chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion.
What is the function of parietal cells in gastric secretion?
Function of parietal cells: Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor.
Explain the importance of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells.
Importance of intrinsic factor: Necessary for B12 absorption.
What is the role of mucous cells in the stomach?
Role of mucous cells: Produce mucus for protection.
Describe the function of G cells in gastric secretion.
Function of G cells: Produce gastrin to stimulate acid secretion.
Explain the mechanism of gastrin secretion and its effects on gastric function.
Mechanism of gastrin secretion: Stimulated by food, increases acid secretion.
What is the function of somatostatin in the stomach?
Function of somatostatin: Inhibits gastric acid secretion.
Describe the blood supply of the stomach.
Blood supply of the stomach: Mainly from celiac artery branches.
Explain the arterial supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
Arterial supply to lesser curvature: Left and right gastric arteries.
What is the significance of the left gastric artery?
Significance of left gastric artery: Forms anastomosis with right gastric artery.
Describe the arterial supply to the greater curvature of the stomach.
Arterial supply to greater curvature: Right and left gastroepiploic arteries.
Explain the importance of the right and left gastroepiploic arteries.
Importance of gastroepiploic arteries: Contribute to vascular supply.
What is the blood supply to the fundus of the stomach?
Blood supply to fundus: From branches of left gastric artery.
Describe the venous drainage of the stomach.
Venous drainage of the stomach: Into portal venous system.
Explain the course and significance of the gastric veins.
Course and significance of gastric veins: Contribute to portal circulation.
What is the role of the hepatic portal system in venous drainage of the stomach?
Role of hepatic portal system: Transports blood to liver.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the stomach.
Lymphatic drainage of stomach: Into regional lymph nodes.
Explain the pathway of lymphatic vessels from the stomach to the lymph nodes.
Pathway of lymphatic vessels: Follow arterial branches to gastric lymph nodes.
What are the major lymph node groups involved in the drainage of the stomach?
Major lymph node groups: Celiac and gastric lymph nodes.
Describe the innervation of the stomach.
Innervation of the stomach: Via vagus nerve and sympathetic nerves.
Explain the role of the vagus nerve in gastric innervation.
Role of vagus nerve: Stimulates gastric secretion and motility.
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in gastric function?
Parasympathetic nervous system function: Increases gastric activity.
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the stomach.
Sympathetic innervation: From celiac plexus, inhibits gastric function.
Explain the role of sympathetic stimulation in gastric motility and secretion.
Sympathetic stimulation role: Reduces gastric activity during stress.
What is the role of the enteric nervous system in regulating gastric function?
Enteric nervous system function: Coordinate local reflexes.
Describe the reflex arcs involved in gastric secretion and motility.
Reflex arcs in gastric function: Coordinated involuntary responses.
Explain the importance of the gastrocolic reflex.
Gastrocolic reflex: Stimulates colonic motility postprandially.
Describe the anatomy of the esophagus.
Anatomy of the esophagus: Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach.
What are the three parts of the esophagus?
Three parts of the esophagus: Cervical, thoracic, abdominal.
Explain the significance of the upper esophageal sphincter.
Upper esophageal sphincter significance: Prevents air entry during respiration.
Describe the muscular layers of the esophagus.
Muscular layers: Inner circular and outer longitudinal.
Explain the role of the lower esophageal sphincter.
Lower esophageal sphincter role: Prevents gastric reflux.
What is the function of the esophageal mucosa?
Esophageal mucosa function: Protects against damage.
Describe the blood supply of the esophagus.
Blood supply of the esophagus: From aorta and subclavian arteries.
Explain the arterial supply to the upper esophagus.
Arterial supply to upper esophagus: Inferior thyroid artery branches.
What is the significance of the inferior thyroid artery?
Significance of inferior thyroid artery: Supplies upper esophagus and thyroid.
Describe the arterial supply to the middle and lower esophagus.
Arterial supply to middle and lower esophagus: From thoracic aorta branches.
Explain the importance of the esophageal branches of the aorta.
Esophageal branches of aorta: Supply middle and lower parts.
Describe the venous drainage of the esophagus.
Venous drainage: Into azygos and hemiazygos veins.
Explain the course and significance of the esophageal veins.
Esophageal veins: Connect esophagus to systemic circulation.
What is the role of the portal vein in venous drainage of the esophagus?
Portal vein role: Drains lower esophagus into liver.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the esophagus.
Lymphatic drainage: Into regional lymph nodes.
Explain the pathway of lymphatic vessels from the esophagus to the lymph nodes.
Lymphatic vessel pathway: Follows arterial branches.
What are the major lymph node groups involved in the drainage of the esophagus?
Major lymph node groups: Cervical, mediastinal, abdominal.
Describe the innervation of the esophagus.
Innervation: Vagus nerve and sympathetic nerves.
Explain the role of the vagus nerve in esophageal innervation.
Vagus nerve function: Regulates peristalsis and sphincter.
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in esophageal motility?
Parasympathetic nervous system: Stimulates esophageal motility.
Describe the sympathetic innervation of the esophagus.
Sympathetic innervation: Inhibits peristalsis and sphincter.
Explain the role of sympathetic stimulation in esophageal function.
Sympathetic stimulation: Reduces esophageal activity during stress.
What is the role of the enteric nervous system in regulating esophageal function?
Enteric nervous system role: Controls local reflexes.
Describe the reflex arcs involved in esophageal peristalsis and sphincter control.
Reflex arcs: Initiated by swallowing, coordinated by enteric system.
