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BDS3 OSCE > Interpreting bloods > Flashcards

Interpreting bloods Flashcards

1
Q

What important info will a FBC give you

A 
WBC
RCC
Hb
Haematocrit
MCV
Platelet count
Neutrophils
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2
Q

What does raised WBC indicate

A

infection

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3
Q

What does lowered WBC indicate

A

Pancytopenia
Autoimmune disorders
Patients undergoing chemotherapy
Bone marrow damage/condition

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4
Q

What do raised RCC indicate

A

polycythemia

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5
Q

What do lowered RCC indicate

A

Anaemia
Heart failure
Congenital heart diseases

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6
Q

What does raised Hb indicate

A

polycythaemia

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7
Q

What does lowered Hb indicate

A

Anaemia

Thalassaemia (low/no Hb produced – genetic)

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8
Q

What does a raised haematocrit indicate

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

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9
Q

What does a lowered haematocrit indicate

A

Anaemia
Blood cell cancers
Long term illness and infection
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

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10
Q

What does an increased MCV indicate

A

Macrocytic anaemia (low B12 and folate)

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11
Q

What does a lowered MCV indicate

A

Microcytic anaemia (low iron and thalassaemia)

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12
Q

What does an increased MCH indicate

A

Macrocytic anaemia

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13
Q

What does a lowered MCH indicate

A

Microcytic anaemia

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14
Q

What are the platelet counts required for tx

A

> 50 can treat in special care

>100 can treat in general practice

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15
Q

What is an increased platelet count indicative of

A

Polycythaemia
Medications
Recent blood loss

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16
Q

What is lowered platelets indicative of

A 
Blood cancers
Anaemia
Viral infections 
Chemo/radiotherapy
Alcoholism
Liver disease
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17
Q

What is the magic neutrophil number

A

1

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18
Q

What is lowered neutrophils indicative of

A

Discuss with haematology

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19
Q

What important results does a coagulation screen give you

A

PT
APTT
TT

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20
Q

What does a raised coagulation screen indicate

A

Increased bleeding tendency

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21
Q

What does a decreased coagulation screen indicate

A

Increased clotting tendency

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22
Q

How is INR calculated

A

PT / Reference PT Plasma

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23
Q

What are normal INR values

A

The INR value of a normal healthy individual should be 1.

For patient prescribed warfarin, there are target ranges in which the patient’s INR should sit = 2-4

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24
Q

What does variances in the INR and a high frequency of testing indicate

A

will suggest instability in the control and therefore there is a potential higher risk of complications

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25
Q

What must the INR be for dental tx

A

<4

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26
Q

What do renal function tests aka U&Es look at

A 
sodium
potassium
chloride
urea
creatinine
GFR
27
Q

What are causes of raised sodium

A

Dehydration
Diarrhoea
Diabetes insipidus

28
Q

What are causes of reduced sodium

A

Heart failure
Kidney failure
Cirrhosis
Diuretics

29
Q

What are causes of raised potassium

A

MI risk
Arrythmias
Uncontrolled diabetes
Kidney disease

30
Q

What are causes of lowered potassium

A 
Weak, fatigued
Muscle cramps
Difficult breathing
Blood pressure problems
dehydration
31
Q

What are causes of raised chloride

A
32
Q

What are causes of raised chloride

A

acidosis
dehydration
kidney disease

33
Q

What are causes of lowered chloride

A

dehydration
vomiting
diarrhoea

34
Q

What are causes of increased urea

A

kidney failure/disease (can also lead to this)
dehydration
heart failure (reduced renal perfusion
high protein diet

35
Q

What are causes of lowered urea

A

not really risk
pregnancy
low protein diet

36
Q

What are causes of increased creatinine

A

liver problems
low muscle bulk
heart failure

37
Q

What are causes of reduce creatinine

A

kidney damage/failure
kidney infection
heart failure

38
Q

What values do we want for GFR

A

(we want GFR to be above 60, anything below this is bad

A GFR below 15 indicates kidney failure

39
Q

What are causes of increased GFR

A 
indicated stages of kidney damage 
heart disease
diabetes
UTIs
High blood pressure
Smoking
Obesity
40
Q

What are causes of reduced GFR

A

Kidney disease
Dehydration
Volume loss

41
Q

What is the required HbA1c for dentistry

A

Anything below 6.5% will satisfy us for dentistry

42
Q

What is the range of raised glucose levels that indicates health

A

3.5-6mmol/L

43
Q

What is the range of values for glucose test that indicates diabetes

A

If glucose levels are above 11mmol/L, then the patient is said to be diabetic as they are not able to use insulin to put glucose into cells

44
Q

What range in a glucose test will indicate impaired glucose tolerance

A

a patient is said to have impaired glucose tolerance and therefore is at risk of developing diabetes

45
Q

What does myeloma and immunology screen test for

A

paraproteins
IgG
IgA
IgM

46
Q

What are causes of raised paraproteins

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells (myeloma)

47
Q

What are causes of raised igG

A

Autoimmune disorder

48
Q

What is a lower igG indicative of

A

infection risk

49
Q

What is increased IgA indicative of

A

Inflammation or infection

50
Q

What is a reduced IGA indicative of

A

Infection risk

- Asthma risk and allergies risk

51
Q

What is a raised IgM indicative of

A

Cancer risk

- Risk of repeated infection

52
Q

What is a lowered igM indicative of

A

Infection risk
AI disease
Coeliac disease
malignancy

53
Q

What does a liver function test test for

A 
bilirubin
ALT
AST
akaline phosphatase
albumin
54
Q

What does raised bilirubin indicate

A

jaundiced

abnormal liver function

55
Q

What is causes of lowered bilirubin

A

caffeine
NSAIDs
penicillin

56
Q

What is a raised ALT indicative of

A

liver damage from hepatitis
cirrhosis
liver cancer
medications

57
Q

What is a lowered ALT indicative of

A

CKD

Vitamin B6 deficiency

58
Q

What is a raised AST indicative of

A 
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Liver disease
Pancreatitis
Heart problem
59
Q

What is a lowered AST indicative of

A

Kidney disease
Liver disease
Vitamin B6 deficiency

60
Q

What is a raised alkaline phosphatase indicative of

A

Liver damage

Bone disorder

61
Q

What is a reduced alkaline phosphatase indicative of

A

Hypophosphatasia (rare genetic disease – affects bone and teeth)

62
Q

What is a raised albumin indicative of

A

Dehydration/diarrhoea

63
Q

What is a reduced albumin indicative of

A

Cirrhosis and CKD

BDS3 OSCE (65 decks)

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