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BDS3 OSCE > Interpreting bloods > Flashcards

Interpreting bloods Flashcards

1
Q

What important info will a FBC give you

A 
WBC
RCC
Hb
Haematocrit
MCV
Platelet count
Neutrophils
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2
Q

What does raised WBC indicate

A

infection

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3
Q

What does lowered WBC indicate

A

Pancytopenia
Autoimmune disorders
Patients undergoing chemotherapy
Bone marrow damage/condition

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4
Q

What do raised RCC indicate

A

polycythemia

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5
Q

What do lowered RCC indicate

A

Anaemia
Heart failure
Congenital heart diseases

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6
Q

What does raised Hb indicate

A

polycythaemia

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7
Q

What does lowered Hb indicate

A

Anaemia

Thalassaemia (low/no Hb produced – genetic)

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8
Q

What does a raised haematocrit indicate

A

Myeloproliferative disorders

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9
Q

What does a lowered haematocrit indicate

A

Anaemia
Blood cell cancers
Long term illness and infection
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

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10
Q

What does an increased MCV indicate

A

Macrocytic anaemia (low B12 and folate)

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11
Q

What does a lowered MCV indicate

A

Microcytic anaemia (low iron and thalassaemia)

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12
Q

What does an increased MCH indicate

A

Macrocytic anaemia

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13
Q

What does a lowered MCH indicate

A

Microcytic anaemia

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14
Q

What are the platelet counts required for tx

A

> 50 can treat in special care

>100 can treat in general practice

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15
Q

What is an increased platelet count indicative of

A

Polycythaemia
Medications
Recent blood loss

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16
Q

What is lowered platelets indicative of

A 
Blood cancers
Anaemia
Viral infections 
Chemo/radiotherapy
Alcoholism
Liver disease
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17
Q

What is the magic neutrophil number

A

1

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18
Q

What is lowered neutrophils indicative of

A

Discuss with haematology

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19
Q

What important results does a coagulation screen give you

A

PT
APTT
TT

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20
Q

What does a raised coagulation screen indicate

A

Increased bleeding tendency

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21
Q

What does a decreased coagulation screen indicate

A

Increased clotting tendency

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22
Q

How is INR calculated

A

PT / Reference PT Plasma

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23
Q

What are normal INR values

A

The INR value of a normal healthy individual should be 1.

For patient prescribed warfarin, there are target ranges in which the patient’s INR should sit = 2-4

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24
Q

What does variances in the INR and a high frequency of testing indicate

A

will suggest instability in the control and therefore there is a potential higher risk of complications

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25
What must the INR be for dental tx
<4
26
What do renal function tests aka U&Es look at
``` sodium potassium chloride urea creatinine GFR ```
27
What are causes of raised sodium
Dehydration Diarrhoea Diabetes insipidus
28
What are causes of reduced sodium
Heart failure Kidney failure Cirrhosis Diuretics
29
What are causes of raised potassium
MI risk Arrythmias Uncontrolled diabetes Kidney disease
30
What are causes of lowered potassium
``` Weak, fatigued Muscle cramps Difficult breathing Blood pressure problems dehydration ```
31
What are causes of raised chloride
32
What are causes of raised chloride
acidosis dehydration kidney disease
33
What are causes of lowered chloride
dehydration vomiting diarrhoea
34
What are causes of increased urea
kidney failure/disease (can also lead to this) dehydration heart failure (reduced renal perfusion high protein diet
35
What are causes of lowered urea
not really risk pregnancy low protein diet
36
What are causes of increased creatinine
liver problems low muscle bulk heart failure
37
What are causes of reduce creatinine
kidney damage/failure kidney infection heart failure
38
What values do we want for GFR
(we want GFR to be above 60, anything below this is bad A GFR below 15 indicates kidney failure
39
What are causes of increased GFR
``` indicated stages of kidney damage heart disease diabetes UTIs High blood pressure Smoking Obesity ```
40
What are causes of reduced GFR
Kidney disease Dehydration Volume loss
41
What is the required HbA1c for dentistry
Anything below 6.5% will satisfy us for dentistry
42
What is the range of raised glucose levels that indicates health
3.5-6mmol/L
43
What is the range of values for glucose test that indicates diabetes
If glucose levels are above 11mmol/L, then the patient is said to be diabetic as they are not able to use insulin to put glucose into cells
44
What range in a glucose test will indicate impaired glucose tolerance
a patient is said to have impaired glucose tolerance and therefore is at risk of developing diabetes
45
What does myeloma and immunology screen test for
paraproteins IgG IgA IgM
46
What are causes of raised paraproteins
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells (myeloma)
47
What are causes of raised igG
Autoimmune disorder
48
What is a lower igG indicative of
infection risk
49
What is increased IgA indicative of
Inflammation or infection
50
What is a reduced IGA indicative of
Infection risk | - Asthma risk and allergies risk
51
What is a raised IgM indicative of
Cancer risk | - Risk of repeated infection
52
What is a lowered igM indicative of
Infection risk AI disease Coeliac disease malignancy
53
What does a liver function test test for
``` bilirubin ALT AST akaline phosphatase albumin ```
54
What does raised bilirubin indicate
jaundiced | abnormal liver function
55
What is causes of lowered bilirubin
caffeine NSAIDs penicillin
56
What is a raised ALT indicative of
liver damage from hepatitis cirrhosis liver cancer medications
57
What is a lowered ALT indicative of
CKD | Vitamin B6 deficiency
58
What is a raised AST indicative of
``` Hepatitis Cirrhosis Liver disease Pancreatitis Heart problem ```
59
What is a lowered AST indicative of
Kidney disease Liver disease Vitamin B6 deficiency
60
What is a raised alkaline phosphatase indicative of
Liver damage | Bone disorder
61
What is a reduced alkaline phosphatase indicative of
Hypophosphatasia (rare genetic disease – affects bone and teeth)
62
What is a raised albumin indicative of
Dehydration/diarrhoea
63
What is a reduced albumin indicative of
Cirrhosis and CKD

BDS3 OSCE (65 decks)

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