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BDS3 OSCE > Anatomy Summary > Flashcards

Anatomy Summary Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones of the vault of the skull

A

Frontal bone (joined together by the metopic suture)
Parietal bones
Occipital bone

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2
Q

How do bones of the vault of the skull form

A

via intramembranous ossification

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3
Q

What are bones of the norma lateralis

A 
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Mandible
Maxilla
nasal
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4
Q

What is pterion

A

lace where the sphenoid, parietal, frontal and temporal bone meet. It is prone to breakage due to its thickness

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5
Q

What are bones of norma frontalis

A 
Frontal bone
Maxilla (2) 
Nasal bones (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Mandible
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6
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric (anterior and posterior belly)
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid

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7
Q

What is the function of suprahyoid muscles

A

Elevate the hyoid or depress mandible

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8
Q

What are the infra hyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid

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9
Q

What are the functions of infrahyoid muscles

A

Depress hyoid bone

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10
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid insert and originate

A

Arises from clavicle and inserts at mastoid process

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11
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid

A

When one muscle acts, head is tipped towards shoulder on same side or rotated towards opposite side
When they act together it flexes the neck

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12
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression

A 
Frontalis
Orbicularis oris
Procerus
Orbicularis oculi 
Levator labii superiorus
Depressor labii inferiorus 
Levator anguli oris
Depressor anguli oris
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Risorius 
Levator labii superiorus alqeque nasi
Platysma
Buccinator
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13
Q

What is the function of the buccinator

A

Maintains bolus between teeth
Involved in sucking and expelling air forcibly e.g instruments
Attaches to pterygomandibular raphe
Upper fibres from maxilla come from vestibule of the mouth
Fibres from mandible come from oblique line

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14
Q

What is the origin of the masseter

A

zygomatic arch

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15
Q

Where is the insertion of the masseter

A

lateral surface of the ramus/angle of the mandible

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16
Q

What is the function of the masseter

A

Elevates the mandible (when two contract together) but can also help in protraction

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17
Q

What is the masseter innervated by

A

masseteric nerve of the mandibular nerve

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18
Q

Where does the temporalis originate

A

from temporal fossa

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19
Q

Where does the temporalis isnert

A

onto coronoid process

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20
Q

What is the action of temporalis

A

If two temporalis contract together you will get elevation (v powerful) but the posterior fibres can contract independently and help with retraction
Supplied by the deep temporal nerves

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21
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid

A

Origin - lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
Insertion - pterygoid fovea on mandibular condyle

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22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid

A

Origin - infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid in the roof of the fossa
Insertion - capsule of articular disc of the TMJ

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23
Q

What is the action of the lateral pterygoid

A

Can position disc in closing (superior)

Protrudes and depresses mandible and causes lateral movement (inferior)

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24
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superficial head of the medial pterygoid

A

Origin - maxillary tuberosity and pyramidal process of palatine bone
Insertion - angle of mandible on medial aspect

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25
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deep head of the medial pterygoid

A

Origin - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate

Insertion - angle of mandible on medial aspect

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26
Q

What is the action of the medial pterygoid

A

If two medial pterygoids contract together, they elevate/protract the mandible
If they work alternately, it will pull mandible to opposite side

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27
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

transverse
longitudinal
vertical

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28
Q

What is the function of the transverse muscles of the tongue

A

rolling

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29
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the tongue

A

shorten

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30
Q

What is the function of vertical muscles of the tongue

A

flatten tongue

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31
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
palatoglossus

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32
Q

Where does the parotid gland sit

A

Between ramus of mandible and mastoid process

surrounded by tight fascia

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33
Q

Where is the parotid gland duct

A

crosses the masseter muscle and pierces the buccinator opening opposite to second upper molar tooth

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34
Q

What type of secretion does the parotid release

A

Serous secretion

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35
Q

What type of secretion does the submandibular gland give

A

mixed

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36
Q

Where does the superficial part of submandibular gland sit

A

submandibular fossa

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37
Q

Where does the deep part of the Sm gland sit

A

Wrapped around free edge of mylohyoid

38
Q

Where does the submandibular gland come from

A

Duct comes from deep part
Duct opens next to the frenulum of the tongue aka sublingual papilla
Lingual nerve at risk fo damage if there is surgery to this gland

39
Q

What type of secretion comes from the sublingual gland

A

mucous

40
Q

Where is the sublingual gland

A

In floor of the mouth
Produces the sublingual fold
Doesnt have a single duct, has many small ducts

41
Q

What nerve supplies the sublingual and submandibular gland

A

Chorda tympani (via lingual nerve)

42
Q

What nervous system makes the glands secrete

A

Parasympathetic

43
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
44
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve provide that is relevant to dentistry

A

Muscles of mastication
Teeth
General sensation of anterior ⅔ of tongue (via lingual nerve)

45
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal

A

opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

46
Q

What is the branches of the maxillary branch of CN 5

A 
Infraorbital
Greater palatine 
Lesser palatine
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
47
Q

What is the branches off of mandibular branch of CN V

A

main trunk
anterior division
posterior division

48
Q

What nerve comes off the main trunk

A

Nerve to medial pterygoid

49
Q

What nerve comes off the anterior division

A

Nerve to masseter
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid

50
Q

What nerves come off the posterior division

A

lingual
inferior alveolar
auriculotemporal

51
Q

What are the divisions of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

Nerve to mylohyoid (supplies digastric too)
Metal nerve
Incisive nerve

52
Q

What does the faical nerve provide relative to dentistry

A

Muscles of facial expression

Taste to anterior ⅔ of tongue via chorda tympani

53
Q

What are the 5 branches of facial nerve

A 
Temporal branches
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches (supplies buccinator)
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
54
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal provide relative to dentistry

A

Taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3 of the tongue

55
Q

What does hypoglossal nerve provide relative to dentistry

A

Supplies motor function of the tongue

56
Q

Where does the carotid split into 2

A

Split at the level of C4 (thyroid cartilage)

57
Q

Where does the external carotid end

A

ends within parotid gland by dividing into superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery

58
Q

Where does the external carotid end

A

ends within parotid gland by dividing into superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery

59
Q

What are the 4 sinuses

A

frontal
maxillary
ethmoidal
sphenoidal

60
Q

What are the 3 types of extracerebral haemorrhage

A

extra dural
sub dural
sub arachnoid

61
Q

What is an extra dural haemorrhage

A

Caused by middle meningeal artery
Could be ruptured by fracture at pterion
Blood gathers between dura and bone and clot forms and enlarges
Patient will deteriorate over hours as clot enlarges

62
Q

What is a sub dural haemorrhage

A 
Cerebral veins
On a hit, veins may pull away from dura, tearing it, and blood builds up between the aracnoid and the dura mater 
Blood oozes out slowly
Happens over days/weeks
Conscious levels deteriorates over weeks
63
Q

What is a sub arachnoid haemorrhage

A

Cerebral arteries
Caused by aneurysm - bursts and gives out blood giving su arachnoid haemorrhage
Results in sudden loss of consciousness and severe headache
Blood stained CSF is seen

64
Q

An internal capsular stroke will result in paralysis of what muscles

A

Muscles that can be spared in an internal capsule stroke

Oculomotor (extraocular muscles)
Trochlear (superior oblique)
Trigeminal (MoM)
Facial (but only fibres supplying uppermost parts of face, hence forehead is spared)
Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory all come from nucleus ambiguous and so their muscles are spared

Hence only muscles paralysed in a stroke are the tongue (motor function due to hypoglossal) and the lower part of the face (muscles of facial expression only)

65
Q

What is the mental foramen

A

nerve and blood vessels emerge from bone

66
Q

What attaches to the oblique line

A

buccinator attaches to mandible here. Important dentures don’t sit here

67
Q

What attaches to digastric fossa

A

attachment of the anterior belly of digastric

68
Q

What attaches to mylohyoid line

A

medial of mandible, mylohyoid muscle attaches. Denture shouldnt sit here

69
Q

What sits in submandibular fossa

A

submandibular saliva gland sits (below mylohyoid line)

70
Q

What sits in the sub lingual fossa

A

sublingual saliva gland sits near here

71
Q

What attaches to the mental spine/genial tubercle

A

4 of them, geniohyoid attaches here (below) and genioglossus attaches here (above)

72
Q

What lies in the mylohyoid groove

A

mylohyoid nerve lies in this groove

73
Q

What attaches to the coronoid process

A

temporalis attaches here

74
Q

What attaches to pteryfoid fovea

A

little depression in head/neck of mandible that allows for insertion of inferior belly of lateral pterygoid

75
Q

What are features seen on fetal skull

A

4 fontanelles
angle more obtuse in fetal skull
tympanic ring, not tympanic plate

76
Q

What are the 4 fontanelles of the skull

A

anterior
posterior
sphenoidal
mastoid

77
Q

When does the sphenoidal fontanelle close

A

at around 6 months post partum

78
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close

A

1-3 months

79
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close

A

2 years PP

80
Q

When does the mastoid fontanelle close

A

6-18 months PP

81
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal arch turn into

A 
trigeminal nerve
muscles of mastication
malleus
incus
meckels cartilage
82
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal arch give

A

facial nerve
muscles of facial expression
hyoid

83
Q

What does the third pharyngeal arch give

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
stylopharyngeus
common carotid

84
Q

What do teh 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches give

A

vagus nerve
muscles of pharynx and larynx
aortic arch
laryngeal cartilages

85
Q

What are the 5 prominences

A 
frontonasal
medial nasal
lateral nasal
maxillary prominence
mandibular prominence
86
Q

What is the adult feature for frontonasal prominence

A

forehead

bridge of nose

87
Q

What is the adult feature of the medial nasal prominence

A

alae of nose

88
Q

What is the adult feature of the maxillary prominence

A

cheeks

lateral upper lip

89
Q

What is the adult facial feature of the lower lip and jaw

A
90
Q

When does the palate develop

A

6-10 weeks in utero

91
Q

How does the palate form

A

medial nasal processes form intermaxillary process
give rise to philtrum of lip and primary palate
maxillary prominence gives rise to lateral palatal shelves (secondary palate)

BDS3 OSCE (65 decks)

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