Innate Immunity

Question 1

What type of immune system do bacteria have

Answer 1

Innate immune system. Restriction enzymes chop up any viral sequence that come in with some thing the restriction enzyme will recognize

Adaptive immune system to remember previous infections

Question 2

Innate immune system

Answer 2

Same response over and over regardless of the pathogen.

Question 3

Vaccine

Answer 3

Your adaptive immune system remembers what was in the vaccine and if you get exposed to the same pathogen your adaptive immune system is able to respond by using the innate immune system.

Question 4

The bridge that works between the parts of the immune system

Answer 4

The complement system

Question 5

Innate immune system parts

Answer 5

First line: physical barrier like skin or mucous membranes, stomach acid.

Second line: cellular defenses (chemicals) and the complainant system

Question 6

Histamine

Answer 6

First response of 2nd line

Question 7

Ciliary escalator

Answer 7

Physical barrier that moves trapped particles towards throat

Question 8

Lysozyme

Answer 8

Antibacterial enzyme that are contained in tears

Question 9

Non specific 2nd line of defenses

Answer 9

Inflammation: basophils and mast cells initiate the immune response
•inflammation is a chemical signal that activates other immune cells

Phagocytes: cells that respond to inflammation and eat microbes
• neutrophils and macrophages

Compliment system: proteins circulating in the blood that when activated: • directly kill pathogens, increase inflammation, form bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 10

Leukocytes

Answer 10

White blood cells created in bone marrow (along with red blood cells) from stem cells

Question 11

Red blood cell

Answer 11

Erythrocytes

Carry oxygen, help do cellular respiration

Question 12

Granulocytes

Answer 12

Part of innate immunity 
Mast cell
Basophils 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Natural killer cell
Monocytes
Macrophage

Question 13

Agranulocytes

Answer 13

Adaptive immune system cells
In lymphocytes 
Small lymphocytes 
T lymphocytes 
B lymphocytes 
Plasma cell

Question 14

Leukemia

Answer 14

Form of blood cancer made up out of white blood cells that are dividing rapidly

Question 15

Basophils

Answer 15

0.5%-1.0% of leukocytes 
Function: histamine production 
Similar to mast cells found in mucous membranes
Granulocytes (innate immunity)
Starts inflammation

Question 16

Eosinophils

Answer 16

2-4% of leukocytes
Function: Toxic protein production
Targets worms and other large parasites
Granulocytes (innate immunity)

Question 17

Neutrophils

Answer 17

60-70% of leukocytes
Function: phagocytosis (eats pathogens)
The first responder to inflammation
Granulocytes (Innate immunity)

Question 18

Monocytes

Answer 18

3-8% of leukocytes
Becomes either macrophage (eats cell) or dendritic cell
Agranulocytes
Present antigen to the adaptive immune system
Connect innate immune system to adaptive immune system

Question 19

Lymphocytes

Answer 19

Function in adaptive immunity
Agranulocytes
20-25% of leukocytes
B cells and T cells that help memorize and learn how to defend

Question 20

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Answer 20

Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Monocytes 3-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0.5%-1%

Question 21

What would happen if blood count showed larger number of eosinophils?

Answer 21

Possibly a parasitic infection

Question 22

Large number of neutrophils in blood

Answer 22

Possible something is killing neutrophils or not being produced. Something wrong with stem cells

Question 23

Inflammation
Three phases
(1st line of defense)

Answer 23

•Basophils / mast cells (innate immunity) release histamine

1. Vasodilation: caused by basophils, trigger neutrophils
2. Phagocyte migration + phagocytosis
   (Granulocytes arrive first, monocytes second)
3. Tissue repair

Question 24

Phagocytosis cycle

Answer 24

Neutrophils or macrophages

1. Smell histamine
2. Ingest bacteria
3. Forms phagosome (vesicle around microbe)
4. Phagosome fuses with lysosome (digestive enzymes, low ph)
5. Digestion in phagolysosome
6. Residual body forms
7. Waste pooped out

Question 25

How organisms avoid phagocytosis

Answer 25

• Slippery capsule
• Production of toxins that kill phagocytes (hemolysin)
• adaptation of life cycle to use the phagocytes internal environment to reproduce

Question 26

Fever 2nd line of defense

Answer 26

General effective
Cytokines released by phagocytes trigger hypothalamus to raise body temperature
Effect: bacteria divides more slowly works less efficiently

Question 27

The complement system

Answer 27

Constantly circulating in the blood proteins that enhance the immune response.
Cells produced by liver
Activates: 1. inflammation
2. direct attack (membrane attack complex) (essentially pokes a hole inside membrane of bacteria cell)
3. opsonization: stick to bacteria and makes them more tasteful to phagocyte (season food)