Innate Immunity Flashcards
What type of immune system do bacteria have
Innate immune system. Restriction enzymes chop up any viral sequence that come in with some thing the restriction enzyme will recognize
Adaptive immune system to remember previous infections
Innate immune system
Same response over and over regardless of the pathogen.
Vaccine
Your adaptive immune system remembers what was in the vaccine and if you get exposed to the same pathogen your adaptive immune system is able to respond by using the innate immune system.
The bridge that works between the parts of the immune system
The complement system
Innate immune system parts
First line: physical barrier like skin or mucous membranes, stomach acid.
Second line: cellular defenses (chemicals) and the complainant system
Histamine
First response of 2nd line
Ciliary escalator
Physical barrier that moves trapped particles towards throat
Lysozyme
Antibacterial enzyme that are contained in tears
Non specific 2nd line of defenses
Inflammation: basophils and mast cells initiate the immune response
•inflammation is a chemical signal that activates other immune cells
Phagocytes: cells that respond to inflammation and eat microbes
• neutrophils and macrophages
Compliment system: proteins circulating in the blood that when activated: • directly kill pathogens, increase inflammation, form bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.
Leukocytes
White blood cells created in bone marrow (along with red blood cells) from stem cells
Red blood cell
Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen, help do cellular respiration
Granulocytes
Part of innate immunity Mast cell Basophils Neutrophils Eosinophils Natural killer cell Monocytes Macrophage
Agranulocytes
Adaptive immune system cells In lymphocytes Small lymphocytes T lymphocytes B lymphocytes Plasma cell
Leukemia
Form of blood cancer made up out of white blood cells that are dividing rapidly
Basophils
0.5%-1.0% of leukocytes Function: histamine production Similar to mast cells found in mucous membranes Granulocytes (innate immunity) Starts inflammation
Eosinophils
2-4% of leukocytes
Function: Toxic protein production
Targets worms and other large parasites
Granulocytes (innate immunity)
Neutrophils
60-70% of leukocytes
Function: phagocytosis (eats pathogens)
The first responder to inflammation
Granulocytes (Innate immunity)
Monocytes
3-8% of leukocytes
Becomes either macrophage (eats cell) or dendritic cell
Agranulocytes
Present antigen to the adaptive immune system
Connect innate immune system to adaptive immune system
Lymphocytes
Function in adaptive immunity
Agranulocytes
20-25% of leukocytes
B cells and T cells that help memorize and learn how to defend
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Neutrophils 60-70% Lymphocytes 20-25% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5%-1%
What would happen if blood count showed larger number of eosinophils?
Possibly a parasitic infection
Large number of neutrophils in blood
Possible something is killing neutrophils or not being produced. Something wrong with stem cells
Inflammation
Three phases
(1st line of defense)
•Basophils / mast cells (innate immunity) release histamine
- Vasodilation: caused by basophils, trigger neutrophils
- Phagocyte migration + phagocytosis
(Granulocytes arrive first, monocytes second) - Tissue repair
Phagocytosis cycle
Neutrophils or macrophages
- Smell histamine
- Ingest bacteria
- Forms phagosome (vesicle around microbe)
- Phagosome fuses with lysosome (digestive enzymes, low ph)
- Digestion in phagolysosome
- Residual body forms
- Waste pooped out
How organisms avoid phagocytosis
- Slippery capsule
- Production of toxins that kill phagocytes (hemolysin)
- adaptation of life cycle to use the phagocytes internal environment to reproduce
Fever 2nd line of defense
General effective
Cytokines released by phagocytes trigger hypothalamus to raise body temperature
Effect: bacteria divides more slowly works less efficiently
The complement system
Constantly circulating in the blood proteins that enhance the immune response.
Cells produced by liver
Activates: 1. inflammation
2. direct attack (membrane attack complex) (essentially pokes a hole inside membrane of bacteria cell)
3. opsonization: stick to bacteria and makes them more tasteful to phagocyte (season food)
