Epidemiology And Disease Transmission Flashcards
Describe the two facets of what a pathologist does and explain the difference between the disease the pathologist studies and the infection that causes the disease
Pathologist: someone who studies disease
Disease: change in health
Infection: colonization
What is meant by the normal human microbiota
Permanent microbial residence
Under what conditions my normal microbiota cause disease
Opportunistic infections by broad-spectrum anabiotic
Describe the difference between normal and transient microbiota
Normal microbiota our permanent residence
Transient microbiota come and go but don’t usually cause disease
What are the six regions of the body that are typically inhabited by bacteria
large intestine mouth/nose (2nd most) throat skin eyes urinary/reproductive
Why do the skin and eyes have relatively few bacteria
Tears and sweat are antimicrobial
Explain microbial antagonism and the idea of competitive exclusion
Good bacteria competition can limit the growth of the bad
What role does microbial antagonism play and prevention of opportunistic infection
They compete to slow the growth of too much of one that could cause an infection
What are the three major forms of symbiotic relationships bacteria have with their host
Mutualism (ecoli that we feed provides vitamins)
commensalism (birds nest)
parasitism (pathogen)
Which 2 of these are common for normal microbiota
Mutualism
Commensalism
Which 1 of these 3 is typical for organisms that cause disease
Parasitism
Describe Koch’s postulates and apply this to the identification of a disease causing agents
- Question what is causing disease
- Isolate microbe from sick
- Infect new animal
- Reinfect other animal
5 . Reisolate - Find microbe
** find in slides **
What is the distinction between a sign of a disease versus a symptom of a disease
Sign: Measurable of the Super Bowl change example fever lesion paralysis
symptom: subjective example pain feeling unwell
What is the difference between a disease that is communicable and one that is contagious
Communicable: can be transferred between infected in an infected person
contagious: easily are highly communicable
What are some examples of communicable diseases that are not contagious
Std & HIV
What are some examples of non-communicable diseases
Tetanus diabetes cancer
The incidence of the disease is different than the prevalence of a disease what is the difference?
Incidence : # of people that got it in a given time
Prevalence: # of people who currently have the disease (includes incidence)
TV example
A worldwide outbreak of the Spanish flu
Pandemic
In Arizona there are approximately 10 to 20 cases of limes disease each year
Endemic (constant)
Hantavirus typically has 0 to 1 cases per year and New Mexico but during the 1993 dozens of cases reported followed by another outbreak in 2017
Epidemic
Rocky Mountain spotted fever has 0 to 1 cases each year in Southern California
Sporadic
Explain what A reservoir for diseases and what being a carrier of a disease means
Reservoir : where diseases found or comes from
Carrier: asymptomatic
What is a zoonosis? Give an example
Disease between animal reservoir and humans example lymes disease in field mice
What forms of contact transmission are there
Direct and indirect
What does vehicle transmission
Air food and water
What is a fomite
Nonliving objects involved in disease transmission
example tissue box or towel
Describe a vector for a disease and describe the passive and active forms these factors may take
Passive: animals that might move disease between host a disease carrying on body or leg
Active: bites you
Describe some common diseases vectors
Ticks
Fleas
Kissing bug
Mosquito
For which type of diseases acute or chronic would you expect the incidence to be roughly the same as the prevalence of a disease
Chronic because the prolong survival rate without a cure make the number of incidences and prevalence roughly the same
So which type of disease acute or chronic would you expect the incidence to be less than the prevalence of the disease
Acute when the disease is rapidly fatal or has a rapid recovery the incidence will be less than the prevalence of the disease
Can the incidence of a disease ever be higher than the prevalence
No because the prevalence includes the number of incidences
Describe the difference between acute chronic and Latent diseases and give an example of each
Acute disease is short and duration
Ex: asthma, cold, heart attack
Chronic disease last for months or years
Ex: cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes
Layton disease last for years but I distinguished from chronic diseases by the lack of active application during extended dammit.
Ex: herpes
What are the five stages of disease progression in which of these five have the longest duration
Incubation period prodromal period Periodic illness Period of decline ** longest Period of convalescence
