Epidemiology And Disease Transmission

Question 1

Describe the two facets of what a pathologist does and explain the difference between the disease the pathologist studies and the infection that causes the disease

Answer 1

Pathologist: someone who studies disease

Disease: change in health

Infection: colonization

Question 2

What is meant by the normal human microbiota

Answer 2

Permanent microbial residence

Question 3

Under what conditions my normal microbiota cause disease

Answer 3

Opportunistic infections by broad-spectrum anabiotic

Question 4

Describe the difference between normal and transient microbiota

Answer 4

Normal microbiota our permanent residence

Transient microbiota come and go but don’t usually cause disease

Question 5

What are the six regions of the body that are typically inhabited by bacteria

Answer 5

large intestine 
mouth/nose (2nd most)
throat 
skin
eyes
 urinary/reproductive

Question 6

Why do the skin and eyes have relatively few bacteria

Answer 6

Tears and sweat are antimicrobial

Question 7

Explain microbial antagonism and the idea of competitive exclusion

Answer 7

Good bacteria competition can limit the growth of the bad

Question 8

What role does microbial antagonism play and prevention of opportunistic infection

Answer 8

They compete to slow the growth of too much of one that could cause an infection

Question 9

What are the three major forms of symbiotic relationships bacteria have with their host

Answer 9

Mutualism (ecoli that we feed provides vitamins)
commensalism (birds nest)
parasitism (pathogen)

Question 10

Which 2 of these are common for normal microbiota

Answer 10

Mutualism

Commensalism

Question 11

Which 1 of these 3 is typical for organisms that cause disease

Answer 11

Parasitism

Question 12

Describe Koch’s postulates and apply this to the identification of a disease causing agents

Answer 12

1. Question what is causing disease
2. Isolate microbe from sick
3. Infect new animal
4. Reinfect other animal
   5 . Reisolate
5. Find microbe

** find in slides **

Question 13

What is the distinction between a sign of a disease versus a symptom of a disease

Answer 13

Sign: Measurable of the Super Bowl change example fever lesion paralysis

symptom: subjective example pain feeling unwell

Question 14

What is the difference between a disease that is communicable and one that is contagious

Answer 14

Communicable: can be transferred between infected in an infected person

contagious: easily are highly communicable

Question 15

What are some examples of communicable diseases that are not contagious

Answer 15

Std & HIV

Question 16

What are some examples of non-communicable diseases

Answer 16

Tetanus diabetes cancer

Question 17

The incidence of the disease is different than the prevalence of a disease what is the difference?

Answer 17

Incidence : # of people that got it in a given time

Prevalence: # of people who currently have the disease (includes incidence)

TV example

Question 18

A worldwide outbreak of the Spanish flu

Answer 18

Pandemic

Question 19

In Arizona there are approximately 10 to 20 cases of limes disease each year

Answer 19

Endemic (constant)

Question 20

Hantavirus typically has 0 to 1 cases per year and New Mexico but during the 1993 dozens of cases reported followed by another outbreak in 2017

Answer 20

Epidemic

Question 21

Rocky Mountain spotted fever has 0 to 1 cases each year in Southern California

Answer 21

Sporadic

Question 22

Explain what A reservoir for diseases and what being a carrier of a disease means

Answer 22

Reservoir : where diseases found or comes from

Carrier: asymptomatic

Question 23

What is a zoonosis? Give an example

Answer 23

Disease between animal reservoir and humans example lymes disease in field mice

Question 24

What forms of contact transmission are there

Answer 24

Direct and indirect

Question 25

What does vehicle transmission

Answer 25

Air food and water

Question 26

What is a fomite

Answer 26

Nonliving objects involved in disease transmission

example tissue box or towel

Question 27

Describe a vector for a disease and describe the passive and active forms these factors may take

Answer 27

Passive: animals that might move disease between host a disease carrying on body or leg

Active: bites you

Question 28

Describe some common diseases vectors

Answer 28

Ticks
Fleas
Kissing bug
Mosquito

Question 29

For which type of diseases acute or chronic would you expect the incidence to be roughly the same as the prevalence of a disease

Answer 29

Chronic because the prolong survival rate without a cure make the number of incidences and prevalence roughly the same

Question 30

So which type of disease acute or chronic would you expect the incidence to be less than the prevalence of the disease

Answer 30

Acute when the disease is rapidly fatal or has a rapid recovery the incidence will be less than the prevalence of the disease

Question 31

Can the incidence of a disease ever be higher than the prevalence

Answer 31

No because the prevalence includes the number of incidences

Question 32

Describe the difference between acute chronic and Latent diseases and give an example of each

Answer 32

Acute disease is short and duration
Ex: asthma, cold, heart attack
Chronic disease last for months or years
Ex: cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes
Layton disease last for years but I distinguished from chronic diseases by the lack of active application during extended dammit.
Ex: herpes

Question 33

What are the five stages of disease progression in which of these five have the longest duration

Answer 33

Incubation period 
prodromal period
Periodic illness 
Period of decline ** longest
Period of convalescence