Adaptive Immunity Humoral Immunity (antibodies)

Question 1

B cell

Answer 1

Produce a protein that will circulate in blood. That neutralizes or activates parts of the immune system (produce antibodies) part of lymphocytes •adaptive immune system

Question 2

Complement system

Answer 2

Activated by B cell antibodies

Question 3

Opsonization

Answer 3

Coating of microbes with protein enhancing phagocytosis

Question 4

What is meant by humoral Immunity where is the type of immunity located in the body

Answer 4

1/2 of the immune system (b cells) Antibody production to come back antigens foreign material. Circulates in bodily fluids

Question 5

When Is the adaptive immune response is better

Answer 5

The second time we get infected by the same organism

Question 6

Two parts of the adaptive immune system

Answer 6

Humoral immunity antibodies production ( B cells extra cellular fluid ) and cell mediated immunity ( Fights intracellular infections T cells)

Both cell types activated if foreign substance binds to receptors on cell

Question 7

Antigens

Answer 7

Things that trigger the immune system
Possible sources protein or (sugar) polysaccharides on surface, spike on surface, flagella, capsule. Immune system chemically detects

Question 8

Is an epitope the same as an antigen

Answer 8

And epitope is a smaller particles on the surface of an antigen that differs

Question 9

What does an antibody recognize directly an antigen or an epitope

Answer 9

Epitope

Question 10

Is it possible for an antigen to have more than one epitope why would this be the case

Answer 10

Yes because they need all to infect cell

Question 11

Antibodies

Answer 11

Proteins produced by immune system. They have specific binding sites for a specific antigen. Ab3 only binds to Ep3. When they stick to epitope they use other side of antibody to interact it innate or complement immune system.

Question 12

Immunoglobulin

Answer 12

Other name for antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.

Produced by plasma cell from B cell . Mature over time to become better at binding

Question 13

Structure of antibodies

Answer 13

Protein
•core shaped Y piece called (monomer) 2 identical halves. 4 chains : 2 heavy , 2 light.
• constant region : base that remains same ( interacts with immune system) each has own version
•variable region: upper parts that bind to antigen. Each monomer has same variable on each hand

Question 14

IgG

Answer 14

Most important and abundant
• 80% of antibodies
Activates complement system
• can pass out of blood vessels and into tissue during Vasodilation
•Last about 23 days (other IG last 2-4 days)
• gives immunity to fetus from mother
•monomer very small

Question 15

IgM

Answer 15

Very large M=macro
•5 linked monomer (linked at constant region )
•6% antibodies
•Larger prevents it from leaving blood
•Extremely effective at activating complement system.
•Agglutinates bacteria very well.
•Short lived and first responder to infection.

Question 16

IgA

Answer 16

• Found In mucous membranes
• Secreted immunoglobulin form
• 13% of Ab in blood
• 3-5grams pumped into intestines daily
• Secreted form is dimer : 2 linked Y shaped monomer
• Resistance to digestion
• Poor at activating complement system (because it’s not in blood)
• Kills bugs in gut
• found in breastmilk and most effective in helping a nursing child avoid infection of their intestines

Question 17

IgD

Answer 17

No one knows

Question 18

IgE

Answer 18

• Involved in allergies and parasitic infections caused by worms
• found on surface of mast cell and basophils (histamine producers)
• Triggers inflammation in response to allergies and worms

Question 19

The effects antibodies binding to antigen

Answer 19

• Neutralization: grab on and prevent from doing bad.
• Complement activates
• Agglutination: clumping
• Opsonization: seasonings
• Bring in other cells to attack (Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)

Question 20

How do antibodies get made

Answer 20

Made by B cell
1. Inactive form with B cell receptor ( that can’t bind )
2. When correct antigen binds to B cell receptor the B cell goes through process of becoming a plasma cell.
3. Plasma cell actively releases and produces antibodies into blood or mucous membranes
( can be done with or without a helper T cell) they help determine what bad guy to go after or to ease up. Involved in primary immune response
4. Some become B memory cells others plasma cells.

Question 21

Memory B cell

Answer 21

Memory B cells have already been exposed and activated in the past. They have very specific antibodies that they will produce given an infection.
Secondary immune response.

Question 22

When lymph nodes swell

Answer 22

B cells are in there reproducing

Question 23

Vaccine

Answer 23

Generates large numbers of memory B cells that hangout in the lymph nodes

Question 24

Do antibodies directly kill a pathogen

Answer 24

No they don’t, they actually only really carry out their function by activating the rest of the immune system. ( basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, the complement system.)