Chapter 2 Chemistry And Biomolecules Flashcards
Know how to draw the structure of an atom given the basic information of it from the periodic table
Example sodium Atomic number 11 atomic mass 23
How many protons does sodium have?
how many neutrons to sodium have?
how many electrons does a neutral sodium Adam have ?
and how many electrons are in sodium is outer valance orbital?
Atomic number is equal to protons 11
Atomic mass minus atomic numbers 12
A neutral protons equal electrons
Outer shell contains one electron
Explain ionic and covalent bonding by describing how electrons are donated/excepted or shared between Adams
Ionic equals the form due to opposite charge on each ion uncommon
*
Covalent is equal to one atom shares electrons the goal is to fill the outer atomic orbital common in the Bio system strong bond
Which type of bonding creates molecules
Covalent bonds
Which form a bond is more important and living systems
Covalent bonds
When looking at a structural formula for molecule what type of bonding and is represented by the lines that connect atoms to one another
Covalent bonds
Describe how waters polarity allows it to participate in hydrogen bonds
Opposite partial charges attract each other
Which bond is the weakest ionic covalent or hydrogen
Hydrogen
Explain how water polarity makes it a good solvent and what concentration of a molecule represents
Like dissolves like the polarity it dissolves polar molecules hydrophilic, non-polar it was hydrophobic
Which PH has an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions
Ph of seven neutral has an equal concentration
PH1 acidic or basic?
What about PH 14?
PH1 equals acidic
pH 14 equals basic
How many more hydrogen ions would be a pH five compared to ph 6
PH5 has 10 times higher concentration of hydrogen then PH6
Ph greater than seven which are bases Contain less hydrogen ion***
Know the three major types of reactions
Synthetic A + B= AB
Decomposition AB = A+B
Exchange AB + CD = AD + BC
Is a synthesis reaction anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
Is a decomposition reaction anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
Are decomposition reaction’s typically endergonic or exergonic?
Exergonic
Catabolic releases energy during reaction
What is the basic formula for a carbohydrate?
What are simple sugars used for by living organisms?
C6H12O6 = glucose *most important
(CH2O) n
Carbo= carbon Hydrate= water
Ose = carb
The function is mainly energy through The breakdown of sugar into ATP
Know the term monosaccharide and disaccharide
Mono basic building block
Di Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
**
What type of reaction is used to build to monosaccharides into a disaccharide
is this reaction anabolic or catabolic?
Is it endergonic or exergonic ?
Dehydration synthesis
anabolic
endergonic
What are the functions of the following polysaccharides
Starch glycogen cellulose
Starch Energy storage plants
Glycogen energy storage animals only
Cellulose structural support of complex carb gotten paper trees
A polysaccharide are many monosaccharides
What are the two types of simple lipids? What are the defining characteristics with regards to how they behave and water?
Saturated and unsaturated both hydrophobic
Explain the distinction between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated is kinked
How is a complex lipid different from a simple lipid?
Contains items other than C, H, O
Describe the structure of a phospholipid and it’s general function
Phosphate polar head hydrophilic
two tails one saturated and unsaturated made of carbon Hydro phobic
Creates a phospholipid by layer a membrane that compartmentalize with some membranes and are fluid flexible
What is the building block monomer for a protein? What reaction is used to create proteins from this basic building block?
The basic building block of a protein is amino acid.
Dehydration synthesis is used to create a peptide bond which is a covalent bond
What are some general functions of proteins?
Enzymes, hormones, structures such as collagen, bones, peptidoglycan bacterial cells
Explain the four levels of protein structure
Primary structure: ATCG Amino acid sequence (blue print)
Secondary: alpha helix and beta
sheet (frame)
Tertiary: single change structure element folded into 3-D often functional (one building)
Quaternary: Several proteins interacting with each other to form a functional unit (college campus)
Which structural level of proteins is usually functional
Tertiary and quaternary
What occurs when proteins denature and under what type of conditions would a protein denature?
The protein would lose its shape and function when it is denatured
conditions to cause denaturing are
PH changes
concentrations of salt or sugar and
high temperature
Explain the value of homeostasis with respect to protein structure and function
Proteins maintain structure under homeostasis
a change in the conditions equals a change in the structure/function which causes the protein to denature
Know the basic building blocks of the DNA and RNA molecules
The building block is a nucleotide
Monomer
What are the functions of DNA and RNA
DNA: encodes genetic material RNA: allows the use of Genetic information
What are the structures of DNA and RNA
DNA: ATGC
RNA:AUGC
Nitrogous base
Describe the function of ATP and how it stores and releases energy and chemical bonds
