Chapter 2 Chemistry And Biomolecules

Question 1

Know how to draw the structure of an atom given the basic information of it from the periodic table

Example sodium Atomic number 11 atomic mass 23

How many protons does sodium have?
how many neutrons to sodium have?
how many electrons does a neutral sodium Adam have ?
and how many electrons are in sodium is outer valance orbital?

Answer 1

Atomic number is equal to protons 11
Atomic mass minus atomic numbers 12
A neutral protons equal electrons
Outer shell contains one electron

Question 2

Explain ionic and covalent bonding by describing how electrons are donated/excepted or shared between Adams

Answer 2

Ionic equals the form due to opposite charge on each ion uncommon
*
Covalent is equal to one atom shares electrons the goal is to fill the outer atomic orbital common in the Bio system strong bond

Question 3

Which type of bonding creates molecules

Answer 3

Covalent bonds

Question 4

Which form a bond is more important and living systems

Answer 4

Covalent bonds

Question 5

When looking at a structural formula for molecule what type of bonding and is represented by the lines that connect atoms to one another

Answer 5

Covalent bonds

Question 6

Describe how waters polarity allows it to participate in hydrogen bonds

Answer 6

Opposite partial charges attract each other

Question 7

Which bond is the weakest ionic covalent or hydrogen

Answer 7

Hydrogen

Question 8

Explain how water polarity makes it a good solvent and what concentration of a molecule represents

Answer 8

Like dissolves like the polarity it dissolves polar molecules hydrophilic, non-polar it was hydrophobic

Question 9

Which PH has an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions

Answer 9

Ph of seven neutral has an equal concentration

Question 10

PH1 acidic or basic?

What about PH 14?

Answer 10

PH1 equals acidic

pH 14 equals basic

Question 11

How many more hydrogen ions would be a pH five compared to ph 6

Answer 11

PH5 has 10 times higher concentration of hydrogen then PH6

Ph greater than seven which are bases Contain less hydrogen ion***

Question 12

Know the three major types of reactions

Answer 12

Synthetic A + B= AB

Decomposition AB = A+B

Exchange AB + CD = AD + BC

Question 13

Is a synthesis reaction anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 13

Anabolic

Question 14

Is a decomposition reaction anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 14

Catabolic

Question 15

Are decomposition reaction’s typically endergonic or exergonic?

Answer 15

Exergonic

Catabolic releases energy during reaction

Question 16

What is the basic formula for a carbohydrate?

What are simple sugars used for by living organisms?

Answer 16

C6H12O6 = glucose *most important
(CH2O) n

Carbo= carbon 
Hydrate= water

Ose = carb

The function is mainly energy through The breakdown of sugar into ATP

Question 17

Know the term monosaccharide and disaccharide

Answer 17

Mono basic building block

Di Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water
**

Question 18

What type of reaction is used to build to monosaccharides into a disaccharide

is this reaction anabolic or catabolic?

Is it endergonic or exergonic ?

Answer 18

Dehydration synthesis
anabolic
endergonic

Question 19

What are the functions of the following polysaccharides

Starch glycogen cellulose

Answer 19

Starch Energy storage plants

Glycogen energy storage animals only

Cellulose structural support of complex carb gotten paper trees

A polysaccharide are many monosaccharides

Question 20

What are the two types of simple lipids? What are the defining characteristics with regards to how they behave and water?

Answer 20

Saturated and unsaturated both hydrophobic

Question 21

Explain the distinction between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 21

Unsaturated is kinked

Question 22

How is a complex lipid different from a simple lipid?

Answer 22

Contains items other than C, H, O

Question 23

Describe the structure of a phospholipid and it’s general function

Answer 23

Phosphate polar head hydrophilic

two tails one saturated and unsaturated made of carbon Hydro phobic

Creates a phospholipid by layer a membrane that compartmentalize with some membranes and are fluid flexible

Question 24

What is the building block monomer for a protein? What reaction is used to create proteins from this basic building block?

Answer 24

The basic building block of a protein is amino acid.

Dehydration synthesis is used to create a peptide bond which is a covalent bond

Question 25

What are some general functions of proteins?

Answer 25

Enzymes, hormones, structures such as collagen, bones, peptidoglycan bacterial cells

Question 26

Explain the four levels of protein structure

Answer 26

Primary structure: ATCG Amino acid sequence (blue print)

Secondary: alpha helix and beta
sheet (frame)

Tertiary: single change structure element folded into 3-D often functional (one building)

Quaternary: Several proteins interacting with each other to form a functional unit (college campus)

Question 27

Which structural level of proteins is usually functional

Answer 27

Tertiary and quaternary

Question 28

What occurs when proteins denature and under what type of conditions would a protein denature?

Answer 28

The protein would lose its shape and function when it is denatured

conditions to cause denaturing are
PH changes
concentrations of salt or sugar and
high temperature

Question 29

Explain the value of homeostasis with respect to protein structure and function

Answer 29

Proteins maintain structure under homeostasis

a change in the conditions equals a change in the structure/function which causes the protein to denature

Question 30

Know the basic building blocks of the DNA and RNA molecules

Answer 30

The building block is a nucleotide

Monomer

Question 31

What are the functions of DNA and RNA

Answer 31

DNA: encodes genetic material RNA: allows the use of Genetic information

Question 32

What are the structures of DNA and RNA

Answer 32

DNA: ATGC
RNA:AUGC
Nitrogous base

Question 33

Describe the function of ATP and how it stores and releases energy and chemical bonds