Inferential Statistics Flashcards

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1
Q

what are inferential statistics?

A

they help us infer meaning from the data ie they help draw conclusions and make predictions

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2
Q

why does psychology use statistical tests?

A

to test the probability that an event occurs due to chance

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3
Q

what does p ≤ 0.05 mean?

A

means that there is a 5% chance that the results happened due to change

it is the standard p value in psychology

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4
Q

what does p ≤ 0.01 mean?

A

there is a 1% chance that the results happened due to chance

you may decrease the p value for new medicine tests etc

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5
Q

what is a type 1 error?

A

if you accept your alternate hypothesis when you should have accepted the null it is a type 1 error

is a false positive

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6
Q

what is a type 2 error?

A

if you accept your null hypothesis when you should have accepted the alternate hypothesis it is a type 2 error

is a false negative

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7
Q

when do you use a chi-squared test?

A

when the data is nominal and it is an independent measures design

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8
Q

when do you use a mann-whitney U test?

A

when the data is ordinal or interval and the design is independent measures

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9
Q

when do you use a binomial sign test?

A

when the data is nominal and the design is repeated measures/matched pairs

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10
Q

when do you use Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test?

A

when the data is ordinal/interval and the design is Repeated Measures/ Matched Pairs

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11
Q

when do you use a Spearman’s Rho test?

A

when you have a correlation (with ordinal/interval data)

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12
Q

what is your observed value?

A

is the value from your data

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13
Q

what is a critical value?

A

found in a critical values table.

you can compare your observed value to this to see if your result is significant

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14
Q

in which stats tests does the observed/calculated value need to be less than the critical value to be significant?

A

binomial sign test

wilcoxon signed ranks

mann whitney u

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15
Q

in which stats tests dies the observed value need to be more than the critical value to be significant?

A

chi squared

spearmans rho

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16
Q

what are the calculation steps for mann whitney u?

A

-rank scores (from lowest to highest)

-use formula to find U:

U1 = n1n2 + n1(n1+1)/2 – R1

U2 = n1n2 + n2(n2+1)/2 – R2

-calculate the smaller U

-if the calculated value U is less than
the critical U value, reject null

-if calculated U value is higher than critical U value, accept null

17
Q

what are the calculation steps for wilcoxon signed ranks test?

A

-the difference in values of each condition is calculated, differences are then ranked.

-the sum of the positive and negative values is found and T is the smallest of these values

-if the calculated W is less than the critical value, reject null

-if the calculated is higher than the critical, accept null

18
Q

what are the calculation steps of chi-squared test?
(note: practice this don’t just rely on the flashcard)

A

-add totals for each column

-calculate observed and expected frequencies (use formula):
χ2 = Σ(Oi − Ei)^2/Ei

-chi value - adding all cells of expected frequencies

-if the calculated Chi value is less than the critical Chi value, accept null

-if the calculated Chi value is higher than critical Chi value, reject null

19
Q

what are the calculation steps for binomial sign test?

A

-determine positive and negative values for data

-add each positive and negative assigned direction

-smallest direction score = S value

-if the calculated S value is less than critical value, reject null

-if calculated is higher than critical value, accept null

20
Q

what are the calculation steps for spearman’s Rho correlation?

A

-rank each dataset individually

-find difference between each dataset

-square difference (d2) and find the total of (d2) column

-use formula to find rho:

-if the calculated Rho value is less than the critical value, accept null

-if calculated is higher than critical, reject null